Table 1.

Function of phenolic acids and their derivatives in promotion of muscle health and prevention of muscle atrophy. DMD, Duchenne muscle dystrophy; EC, epicatechin; EGC, epigallocatechin; GA, gallic acid; HF: high fat diet.

Class	Sub-Class	Compound/Derivatives/Compounds Mixture	Model	Effects	References
Phenolic Acid	Hydroxybenzoic Acid	Gallic Acid (GA)	C2C12 Myotubes	Increased Mitochondrial Function and mitochondrial biogenesis, Enhanced myosin heavy chain expression	[29]
		EC, EGC and GA	Normal and oxidative stress-induced C2C12 cells	Increased myotube density upregulated genetic expression of myogenic factors	[30]
		Ellagic acid	CCL4-induced muscle injury in rats	Reduced muscle tissue damage induced caspase-3, Nrf-2 and antioxidant enzymes suppressed inflammatory markers	[32]
		Ellagic Acid	Cuprizone-induced multiple sclerosis model in mice	Protects muscle tissue prevented mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress	[33]
		Urolithin A	C2C12 cells, young and HF-induced aged mice	Induced autophagy and mitophagy both invitro and in vivo increased muscle function improved exercise capacity	[34]
		Urolithin A	Mouse model of DMD	Induced mitophagy and improved muscle function and MuSCs regeneration increased skeletal muscle respiratory capacity	[35]
		Urolithin A	C57BL/6 mice	Strengthen skeletal muscle and angiogenesis Increase ATP and NAD+ level Upregulates angiogenic pathways	[36]
		Urolithin B	C2C12 myotubes and denervation-induced mice	Enhanced growth and differentiation of C2C12 myotubes and muscle hypertrophy Increased protein synthesis and suppressed UPS	[37]
		Pomegranate extract	TNF-α induced muscle atrophy in mice	Prevented muscle wasting suppressed cytokines and NF-kB level activated protein synthesis pathway	[38]
	Hydroxycinnamic Acid	Ferulic acid	Mouse C2C12 myotubes	Regulates muscle fiber type formation activated SIRT1/AMPK pathway Increased PGC-1α expression	[39]
		Ferulic Acid	Corticosteroid-Induced Rat Myopathy	Induced growth of fast glycolytic and slow oxidative muscle fiber suppressed myostatin and oxidative stress	[40]
		Ferulic Acid	Zebrafish model	Enhanced muscle mass and MyHC fast type Increased myogenic transcriptional factors activated zTOR/p70S6K/4EBP1	[41]
		Chlorogenic acid	Resistance training-induced rat model	improved muscle strength by promoting mitochondrial function and cellular energy metabolism	[42]
		Caffeic acid phenethyl ester	Eccentric exercise-induced skeletal muscle injury in rats	Protected skeletal muscle damage down-regulated NF-κB activation	[43]
		Caffeic acid	Human fibroblast cell line	Decreased spinal muscular atrophy increased SMN2 transcripts	[44]
		Coffee	In-vitro and in-vivo model	Skeletal muscle hypertrophy and myoblast differentiation	[45]
		P-Coumaric acid	C2C12 myotubes	Reduce differentiation of muscle cells by reducing MyoD and Myogenin.	[46]