Table 2.
Function of flavonoids and its derivatives in promotion of muscle health and prevention of muscle atrophy. 8-PN, 8-prenylnaringenin; Dex, dexamethasone; EGCG, epigallocatechin gallate.
| Class | Sub-Class | Compound/Derivatives | Model | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flavonoids | Flavanols | EC | Young and old C57BL/6 mice and human tissue samples | Decreased myostatin and β-galactosidase Increased follistatin and markers of muscle growth and differentiation |
[52] |
| EC | Young and old C57BL/6 mice | Increased survival of aged mice prevented muscle wasting |
[53] | ||
| EC | HLS-induced muscle atrophy in mice | Counteracts muscle degradation maintains muscle angiogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis |
[54] | ||
| EC | Denervation-induced muscle atrophy in rats | Reduced muscle wasting down regulated Foxo1a, Atrgoin-1 and MuRF-1 |
[55] | ||
| EC | Ambulatory adults with Becker Muscular Dystrophy | Induced mitochondrial biogenesis and muscle regeneration factors increased follistatin decreased myostatin |
[56] | ||
| EC | C2C12 myotubes | Stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and cell growth through GPER | [57] | ||
| EC | C2C12 cells | Enhanced myogenic differentiation and MyoD activity | [58] | ||
| EC | HF-induced muscle damage in aged mice | Improved physical performance increased follistatin and MEF2A decreased Foxo1a and MuRF-1 |
[59] | ||
| EC, ECG, EGCG | 3D-clinorotation induced C2C12 atrophy | Suppressed Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 dephosphorylated the ERK signaling |
[60] | ||
| EGCG | Aging-induced sarcopenic rat model | Attenuated muscle atrophy and protein degradation Increased protein synthesis |
[61] | ||
| EGCG | Aged mice and late passaged C2C12 cells | Attenuated muscle atrophy and protein degradation upregulated miR-486-5p |
[62] | ||
| EGCG | Starvation and TNF-α-induced C2C12 atrophy | Attenuation of muscle wasting inhibited protein degradation and activated protein synthesis |
[63] | ||
| EGCG | Tumor induced LLC and C57Bl/6 mice atrophy | Attenuates muscle atrophy inhibits NF-κB, atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 |
[64] | ||
| EGCG | Mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy | Protected from muscle necrosis improved muscle functions |
[65] | ||
| EGCG | HLS-induced muscle atrophy in aged rats | Improved Plantaris muscle weight and fiber size reduced pro-apoptotic signaling |
[66] | ||
| EGCG | HLS-induced muscle atrophy in aged rats | Maintained autophagy signaling in disuse muscle prevented autophagy and apoptosis during reloading |
[67] | ||
| EGCG | Dex-induced C2C12 myotubes and tail-suspended mice | Prevented muscle atrophy suppressed MuRF1 |
[68] | ||
| Green tea extracts (EGCG) |
HF diet-induced muscle atrophy in SAMP8 mice | Ameliorated HF-induced muscle wasting Decreased insulin resistance and LECT2 expression |
[69] | ||
| EGCG | Live skeletal muscle fibers model | Promoted nuclear efflux of Foxo1 activated PI3K/Akt pathway |
[70] | ||
| Catechin (ECG+EGCG) | C2C12 cells and Cardiotoxin induced C56BL/6 mice | Stimulated muscle stem cell activation and differentiation for muscle regeneration. | [71] | ||
| Catechin | Downhill running-induced muscle damage in ICR mice | Attenuated downhill running-induced muscle damage suppressed oxidative stress and inflammation |
[72] | ||
| catechins | Tail-suspension induced muscle atrophy in mice | Minimized contractile dysfunction and muscle atrophy decreased oxidative stress |
[73] | ||
| Flavanones | Hesperidin | Human skeletal muscle cell and mice | Reverted aging-induced decrease in muscle fiber size increased mitochondrial function and running performance reduced oxidative stress |
[74] | |
| Naringenin | L6 and C2C12 cells | Delays skeletal muscle differentiation | [75] | ||
| 8-Prenylnaringe-nin (8-PN) | Denervated Mice | Prevented muscle atrophy suppressed Atrogin-1 Phosphorylated Akt |
[76] | ||
| 8-PN | C2C12 myotubes and casting-induced muscle atrophy in mice | Reversed casting-induced loss of tibialis anterior muscle activated PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway |
[77] | ||
| Flavones | Apigenin | Aged Mice | Relieved muscle atrophy and increased myofiber size inhibited hyperactive mitophagy/ autophagy and apoptosis. |
[78] | |
| Apigenin | Obesity-induced muscle atrophy in Mice | Attenuated muscle atrophy and mitochondrial dysfunctions. | [79] | ||
| Apigenin | Denervated-induced muscle atrophy in mice | Protected muscle loss Upregulated MyHC reduced TNF-α and MuRF-1 level |
[80] | ||
| Apigenin | C57BL/6 mice and C2C12 cells | Promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy enhanced myogenic differentiation upregulated Prmt7-PGC-1α-GPR56 pathway |
[81] | ||
| Flavones | LPS-induced muscle atrophy in C2C12 myotube | Prevented myotube atrophy suppressed Atrgoin-1 inhibited JNK phosphorylation |
[82] | ||
| Luteolin | LLC-induced muscle atrophy in mice | Prevented muscle atrophy downregulated MuRF-1, Atrgoin-1, cytokines/inflammatory markers |
[83] | ||
| Luteolin | Dex-Induced muscle atrophy in mice | Prevented muscle atrophy Induced antioxidant and antiapoptotic activity |
[84] | ||
| Isoflavones | Isoflavone (genistein and daidzein) | TNF-α induced C2C12 myotubes | Suppressed MuRF1 promoter activity and myotube atrophy | [85] | |
| Isoflavone | Tumor-induced muscle atrophy in mice | Prevented muscle wasting suppressed ubiquitin ligases expression |
[86]. | ||
| Isoflavone | Denervation-induced muscle atrophy in mice | Prevented muscle fiber atrophy decreased apoptosis-dependent signaling. |
[87] | ||
| Genistein | Denervation-induced muscle atrophy in mice | Mitigated soleus muscle atrophy |
[88] | ||
| Genistein | C2C12 myoblast | Enhanced proliferation and differentiation downregulated miR-222 |
[89] | ||
| Daidzein | Young female mice | Down-regulated ubiquitin-specific protease 19 increased soleus muscle mass |
[90] | ||
| Daidzein | Cisplatin-induced LLC bearing mice |
Alleviated skeletal muscle atrophy prevented protein degradation |
[91] | ||
| Daidzein | C2C12 cells | Promotes myogenic differentiation and myotube hypertrophy | [92] | ||
| Soy protein | Rats | Improved muscle function | [93] | ||
| Formononetin (isoflavone) | CKD rats and TNF-α-induced C2C12 myotubes atrophy | Prevented muscle wasting suppressed MuRF-1, MAFbx and myostatin expression Phosphorylated PI3K, Akt and FoxO3a |
[94] | ||
| Glabridin | Dex-induced atrophy (in vitro and in vivo) | Inhibited protein degradation and muscle atrophy in vitro and in vivo | [95] | ||
| Flavonols | Quercetin | HF-diet induced muscle atrophy in mice | Protected muscle mass and muscle fiber size reduced ubiquitin ligases and inflammatory cytokines |
[96] | |
| Quercetin | TNF-α induced myotube and Obesity induced mice muscle atrophy | Averted muscle atrophy Upregulated HO-1 and Nrf2 Inactivates NF-kB |
[97] | ||
| Quercetin | Murine C26 cancer-cachexia model | Prevented body and muscle weight loss tended to decrease Atrgoin-1 and MuRF-1 |
[98] | ||
| Quercetin | A549 cells injected tumor model in mice | Prevented loss of GM and protein degradation Increased MyHC level |
[99] | ||
| Quercetin | Dex-Induced C2C12 cell injury | Increased C2C12 cell viability exerted antiapoptotic effects reduce oxidative stress regulates mitochondrial membrane potential |
[100] | ||
| Quercetin | Dex-induced-muscle atrophy in mice | Prevented muscle loss reduced myostatin, atrgoin-1 and MuRF-1 increased Akt phosphorylation |
[101] | ||
| Quercetin | Tail-suspension induced muscle atrophy in mice | Prevented GM loss suppressed ubiquitin ligases and lipid peroxidation |
[102] | ||
| Quercetin | Denervation-induced muscle atrophy in mice | Prevented muscle atrophy suppressed mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide generation elevated mitochondrial biogenesis |
[103] | ||
| Quercetin Glycosides | Male C57BL/6J aged mice | Improved motor performance Increased muscle mass |
[104] | ||
| Quercetin | Mice | Mitochondrial biogenesis Increased endurance and running capacity |
[105] | ||
| Morin | β cell-bearing mice and C2C12 myotubes atrophy | Suppressed muscle wasting and myofiber size reduction by binding to ribosomal protein S10 |
[106] | ||
| Morin | Dex- induced atrophy of C2C12 skeletal myotubes | Prevented protein degradation reduced oxidative stress, Atrogin-1, MuRF-1 and Cbl-b Phosphorylated Foxo3a |
[107] | ||
| Anthocyanins | Delphinidin | Dex-induced C2C12 atrophy and tail-suspension induced atrophy in mice | Suppressed MuRF-1 expression Prevented muscle weight loss upregulated miR-23a and NFATc3 |
[108] | |
| Delphinidin | Dex-induced C2C12 atrophy and tail-suspension induced atrophy in mice | Suppressed disused-muscle loss suppressed Cbl-b and stress related gene |
[109] | ||
| Delphinidin | LPS-induced atrophy in C2C12 myotubes | Reduced atrogin-1 expression insignificantly | [82] | ||
| Cyanidin | Dystrophic alpha-sarcoglyan (Sgca) null mice | Reduced progression of muscular dystrophy Reduced inflammation and fibrosis |
[110] |