Table 1.

Biomarkers to differentiate acute ischemic stroke from non-IS conditions.

Biomarker Origin	Protein	Biomarker Level in IS	Biomarker Level in Control	Cut-Off Point	Sensitivity	Specificity	AUC	Study Sample	Reference
Brain Cells	NR2	5.4 (0.1–62.7) ng/mL	0.3 (0.02–1.1) ng/mL	1 ng/mL	92.1%	96.5%	0.92	Combined stroke mimics and healthy controls	[41]
	S100B	N/A	N/A	39.9 pg/mL	76.5%	82.7%	0.87	Non-stroke controls	[42]
	GPBB	46.3 (±38.6) ng/mL	4.1 (±7.6) ng/mL	7.0 ng/mL	93.0%	93.0%	0.96	Non-stroke controls	[43]
	BNP	90.8 (±156.4) pg/mL	11.3 (±6.1) pg/mL	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.69	Healthy and stroke mimics	[34]
	Anti-NMDA (NR2A/2B ab)	5.0 (3.2–7.2) ng/mL	1.5 (1.0–1.9) ng/mL	2.0 ng/mL	97.0%	98.0%	0.99	Healthy controls	[44]
Brain Cells, Endothelium/Matrix, Blood	MMP-9	242.1 (±242.6) ng/mL	211.2 (±184.8) ng/mL	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.55	Healthy and stroke mimics	[34]
	PARK 7	N/A	N/A	14.2 ng/mL	58.0%	90.0%	0.88	Healthy controls	[45]
	NDKA	N/A	N/A	22.5 ng/mL	67.0%	89.9%	0.94	Healthy controls	[45]
Blood	APOA1-UP/LRP	1.3 (IQR 0.4)	2.1 (IQR 0.4)	<1.8	90.6%	97.1%	0.98	Non-stroke controls	[46]

NR2—N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits peptide; S100B—S100 calcium binding protein B; GPBB—glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB; BNP—B-type natriuretic peptide; anti-NMDA—autoantibodies anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors; MMP-9—matrix metalloproteinase-9; PARK 7—Parkinson disease protein 7; NDKA—nucleoside diphosphate kinase A; APOA1-UP/LRP—apolipoprotein A1 unique peptide; N/A—not available; IS biomarker value was higher than controls except indicated by “<”; IQR—interquartile range.