Table 3.
Biomarkers to differentiate acute ischemic stroke from hemorrhagic stroke.
| Biomarker Origin | Protein | Biomarker Level in IS | Biomarker Level in HS | Cut-Off Point | Sensitivity | Specificity | AUC | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brain Cells | GFAP | 0.08 (0.02–0.14) ng/mL | 1.91 (0.41–17.7) ng/mL | 0.30 ng/mL | 84.2% | 96.3% | 0.91 | [56] |
| S100B | 61.7 (±37.3) pg/mL |
161.2 (±79.7) pg/mL | 67.0 pg/mL | 95.7% | 70.4% | 0.90 | [60] | |
| UCH-L1 | 338.0 pg/mL | 401.0 pg/mL | 291.0 pg/mL | 73% | 45.0% | 0.59 | [61] | |
| Endothelium/Matrix | sRAGE | 1.0 ng/mL | 0.8 ng/mL | <0.97 ng/mL | NA | NA | NA | [62] |
| Blood | RBP4 | 59.8 (±12.3) µg/mL |
36.9 (±14.7) µg/mL |
61.0 µg/mL | 68.4% | 84.0% | NA | [55] |
GFAP—glial fibrillary acidic protein; S100B—S100 calcium binding protein B; UCH-L1—ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase-L1; sRAGE—receptor for advanced glycation end product; RBP4—retinol-binding protein 4; N/A—not available; HS biomarker value was higher than IS except when indicated by “<”.