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Classical and nonclassical renin-angiotensin (RAS) axes. Biological effects of the classical (ACE/Ang II/AT1R) and nonclassical (ACE2/Ang (1–7)/MasR) axes. IL-1β: interleukin 1 beta; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; Bcl2: B-cell lymphoma 2; IL-8: interleukin 8, TGF-β: Transforming growth factor beta; α-SMA: alpha smooth muscle actin; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; ERK1/2: extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2; NOS: Nitric oxide synthase.
