Table 2.
Biomarkers predicting CNS disease progression.
| Biomarker | Outcome | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hematologic | Plasma viral RNA | Increase | [24] |
| Hemoglobin | Decrease | [70] | |
| Platelet count | Decrease | [70,71] | |
| Circulating monocytes | No change | [12,70,71] | |
| Circulating monocytes | Increase | [16] | |
| Soluble CD163 | Increase | [16,70] | |
| CSF | CSF viral RNA | Increase | [24] |
| CCL2 a | Increase | [32,70] | |
| IL6 | Increase | [70] | |
| Neopterin | Increase | [70] | |
| YKL-40 b | Increase | [72,73,74] | |
| NF-L c | Increase | [70] | |
| QUIN/TRP d | Increase | [70] | |
| KP e | Increase | [75,76] | |
| MicroRNAs f | Upregulation | [70,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87] | |
| Omics-based analyses | Metabolomic g | Increase | [88] |
| Proteomic h | Increase | [88,89] | |
| Neuroimaging | MRI i | - | [90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103] |
| PET j | - | [104,105,106,107,108] |
Abbreviations: a: monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) or CCL2; b: human cartilage glycoprotein 39; c: neurofilament light chain; d: quinolinic acid/tryptophan ratio; e: kynurenine pathway; f: miR-125b, miR-146a, miR-21, miR-142-5p, miR-1423p; analysis of: g: phospholipids, free fatty acids, phospholipases; h: alpha-1-antitrypsin, complement C3, hemopexin, IgM heavy chain, plasminogen; i: multiple magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), j: positron emission tomography (PET), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).