Table 1.
Characteristics, fear of COVID-19, changes in mental health, and health-related quality of life among front-line health care workers.
| Variables | Total (n = 2299) |
FCoV-19S | Worse MH * (n = 149) |
Stable or Better MH * (n = 2150) |
Worse HRQoL ** (n = 441) |
Stable or Better HRQoL ** (n = 1858) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | Mean ± SD | p | n (%) | n (%) | p | n (%) | n (%) | p | |
| Age, year | 0.444 | 0.160 | 0.004 | ||||||
| 21–40 | 1842 (80.1) | 18.7 ± 5.2 | 126 (84.6) | 1716 (79.8) | 375 (85.0) | 1467 (79.0) | |||
| 41–60 | 457 (19.9) | 18.9 ± 5.3 | 23 (15.4) | 434 (20.2) | 66 (15.0) | 391 (21.0) | |||
| Gender | <0.001 | 0.324 | 0.003 | ||||||
| Women | 1535 (66.8) | 19.1 ± 5.1 | 94 (63.1) | 1441 (67.0) | 268 (60.8) | 1267 (68.2) | |||
| Men | 764 (33.2) | 18 ± 5.6 | 55 (36.9) | 709 (33.0) | 173 (39.2) | 591 (31.8) | |||
| Marital status | 0.001 | 0.077 | 0.705 | ||||||
| Never married | 542 (23.6) | 18.1 ± 5.3 | 44 (29.5) | 498 (23.2) | 107 (24.3) | 435 (23.4) | |||
| Ever married | 1757 (76.4) | 19 ± 5.2 | 105 (70.5) | 1652 (76.8) | 334 (75.7) | 1423 (76.6) | |||
| Ability to pay for medication | 0.004 | 0.033 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Very or fairly difficult | 1210 (52.6) | 19.1 ± 5.5 | 91 (61.1) | 1119 (52.0) | 269 (61.0) | 941 (50.6) | |||
| Very or fairly easy | 1089 (47.4) | 18.4 ± 5 | 58 (38.9) | 1031 (48.0) | 172 (39.0) | 917 (49.4) | |||
| Social status | 0.084 | 0.044 | 0.001 | ||||||
| Low | 307 (13.4) | 19.3 ± 5.9 | 28 (18.8) | 279 (13.0) | 80 (18.1) | 227 (12.2) | |||
| Middle or high | 1992 (86.6) | 18.7 ± 5.1 | 121 (81.2) | 1871 (87.0) | 361 (81.9) | 1631 (87.8) | |||
| Type of health care personnel | <0.001 | 0.267 | 0.804 | ||||||
| Others | 756 (32.9) | 19.3 ± 5.4 | 47 (31.5) | 709 (33.0) | 144 (32.7) | 612 (32.9) | |||
| Nurse | 945 (41.1) | 19.2 ± 5.1 | 55 (36.9) | 890 (41.4) | 177 (40.1) | 768 (41.3) | |||
| Doctor | 598 (26.0) | 17.4 ± 5.1 | 47 (31.5) | 551 (25.6) | 120 (27.2) | 478 (25.7) | |||
| Epidemic containment experience | 0.188 | 0.001 | 0.004 | ||||||
| No | 1292 (56.2) | 18.9 ± 5.2 | 103 (69.1) | 1189 (55.3) | 275 (62.4) | 1017 (54.7) | |||
| Yes | 1007 (43.8) | 18.6 ± 5.3 | 46 (30.9) | 961 (44.7) | 166 (37.6) | 841 (45.3) | |||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.074 | 0.634 | 0.094 | ||||||
| <25.0 kg/m2 | 2024 (88.0) | 18.8 ± 5.3 | 133 (89.3) | 1891 (88.0) | 378 (85.7) | 1646 (88.6) | |||
| ≥3 25.0 kg/m2 |
275 (12.0) | 18.2 ± 5.2 | 16 (10.7) | 259 (12.0) | 63 (14.3) | 212 (11.4) | |||
| Comorbidity | 0.435 | 0.024 | 0.250 | ||||||
| None | 2164 (94.1) | 18.7 ± 5.3 | 134 (89.9) | 2030 (94.4) | 410 (93.0) | 1754 (94.4) | |||
| One or more | 135 (5.9) | 19.1 ± 4.8 | 15 (10.1) | 120 (5.6) | 31 (7.0) | 104 (5.6) | |||
| S-COVID-19-S *** | 0.044 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| No | 1961 (85.3) | 18.7 ± 5.3 | 100 (67.1) | 1861 (86.6) | 338 (76.6) | 1623 (87.4) | |||
| Yes | 338 (14.7) | 19.3 ± 5.1 | 49 (32.9) | 289 (13.4) | 103 (23.4) | 235 (12.6) | |||
| FCoV-19S, Mean ± SD | 18.8 ± 5.3 | 23.0 ± 4.7 | 18.5 ± 5.2 | <0.001 | 20.4 ± 5.0 | 18.4 ± 5.2 | <0.001 | ||
| HL, Mean ± SD | 36.1 ± 7.1 | 33.7 ± 6.4 | 36.3 ± 7.1 | <0.001 | 34.8 ± 6.9 | 36.4 ± 7.1 | <0.001 | ||
| eHEALS, Mean ± SD | 33.1 ± 4.8 | 32.5 ± 4.8 | 33.1 ± 4.8 | 0.172 | 32.7 ± 5.4 | 33.2 ± 4.7 | 0.059 | ||
| DDL, Mean ± SD | 35.8 ± 8.2 | 33.6 ± 7.5 | 35.9 ± 8.2 | 0.001 | 34.4 ± 8.1 | 36.1 ± 8.2 | <0.001 | ||
| HES, Mean ± SD | 14.6 ± 4.8 | 13.7 ± 4.6 | 14.7 ± 4.8 | 0.013 | 13.8 ± 4.7 | 14.8 ± 4.8 | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: FCoV-19S, fear of COVID-19 scale; MH, mental health; HRQoL, health-related quality of life; SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; S-COVID-19-S, suspected coronavirus disease-2019 symptoms; HL, health literacy; eHEALS, eHealth literacy scale; DDL, digital healthy diet literacy; HES, health eating score. p values are results of One-Way ANOVA test and Chi-Square test appropriately. * Health care workers were asked whether their mental health got worse, stable, or better during the pandemic as compared to that before the pandemic. ** Health care workers were asked whether their HRQoL got worse, stable, or better during the pandemic as compared to that before the pandemic. *** suspected coronavirus disease-2019 symptoms include fever, cough, dyspnea myalgia, fatigue, sputum production, confusion, headache, sore throat, rhinorrhea, chest pain, hemoptysis, diarrhea, and nausea/vomiting.