Table 1.
Composition and application protocols of universal adhesives with etch-and-rinse and self-etch mode according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
| Adhesive | pH | Basic Compositions | Etch-and-Rinse Strategy | Self-Etch Strategy |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All-Bond Universal (Bisco, USA) | 3.2 | 10-MDP, HEMA, Bis-GMA, ethanol, water, photoinitiators | 1. Apply etchant for 15 s; 2. Rinse thoroughly with water spray and remove excess water by air-drying or blotting with cotton pellets; leaving the surface moist; 3. Apply adhesive as the self-etch mode. |
1. Apply two separate coats of adhesive and scrub for 10–15 s per coat; 2. Evaporate excess solvent by thoroughly air-drying for at least 10 s until there is no visible movement of the adhesive; 3. The surface should have a uniform glossy appearance; otherwise, apply an additional coat of adhesive and repeat Step 2; 4. Light cure for 10 s. |
| Single Bond Universal (3M ESPE, USA) | 2.7 | 10-MDP, HEMA, Bis-GMA, DCDMA, MPTMS, VitrebondTM copolymer, silane, ethanol, water, photoinitiators | 1. Apply etchant for 15 s; 2. Rinse thoroughly with water spray and dry and remove excess water by water- and oil-free air or blotting with cotton pellets; leaving moist; 3. Apply adhesive as the self-etch mode. |
1. Apply the adhesive and rub for 20 s; 2. Evaporate solvent by gently air-drying for approximately 5 s; 3. Light cure for 10 s. |
| Clearfil Universal Bond Quick (Kuraray Noritake Dental, Japan) | 2.3 | 10-MDP, 2-HEMA, Bis-GMA, hydrophilic amide methacrylate, MPTMS, NaF, colloidal silica, silane coupling agent, photoinitiators | 1. Apply etchant, leave it in place for 15 s, then rinse and dry; 2. Apply adhesive as the self-etch mode. |
1. Apply the adhesive with a rubbing motion without waiting time; 2. Dry the surface sufficiently by blowing mild air for more than 5 s until the adhesive does not move; 3. Light-cure for 10 s. |
10-MDP: 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate methacrylate; bis-GMA: bisphenol-A-diglycidyl; HEMA: hydroxyethyl methacrylate; DCDMA: decamethylene dimethacrylate; MPTMS: γ-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane; and VitrebondTM copolymer: methacrylate-modified polyalkenoic acid copolymer.