Table 2.
Elucidation of the biochemical composition of devil’s claw root.
| Topic | Year | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Isolation and characterization of harpagoside | 1960 | [117] |
| Stachyose, raffinose, and a further glucoside in the aqueous phase | 1961 | [118] |
| Characterization of harpagoside | 1961 | [119] |
| Isolation and characterization of harpagoside and harpagide | 1962 | [120] |
| Characterization of harpagoside | 1962 | [121] |
| Characterization of harpagide | 1963 | [122] |
| Isolation of stachyose and a further glucoside | 1963 | [123] |
| Characterization of harpagoside | 1964 | [124] |
| Isolation of procumbide | 1964 | [125] |
| Structural characterization of harpagoside | 1966 | [126] |
| Characterization of procumbide and further constituents | 1967 | [127] |
| Characterization of procumbide | 1968 | [128] |
| Characterization of a chinone and other constituents | 1970 | [185] |
| Characterization of procumbide | 1971 | [186] |
| Further constituents | 1974 | [187] |
| Elucidation of triterpene esters | 1975 | [188] |
| Overview of known mono-, di-, and sesquiterpenoids with pharmacological activity | 1977 | [189] |
| Elucidation of a resin, an essential oil, and a mucilaginous fraction | 1978 | [190] |
| Structural characterization of procumbide | 1979 | [191] |
| Glucose, galactose, fructose, myo-inositol, sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose identified | 1979 | [192] |
| Preparation and structure of harpagogenine | 1981 | [193] |
| Carbohydrates and harpagoside in tissue cultures and roots of devil’s claw | 1982 | [194] |
| New iridoids: 8-O-(p-coumaryl)-harpagide and procumboside | 1983 | [195] |
| Novel iridoid and phenolic compounds | 1987 | [196] |
| Three pyridine monoterpene alkaloids from harpagoside and commercial extract | 1999 | [197] |
| Review of iridoids | 2000 | [198] |
| Review of composition (both species) | 2002 | [199] |
| Two diterpenes, (+)-8,11,13-totaratriene-12,13-diol and ferruginol | 2002 | [200] |
| New iridoid- and phenylethanoid glycosides | 2003 | [201] |
| Acetylated phenolic glycosides | 2003 | [202] |
| Pharmacological characterization of harpagoside | 2004 | [203] |
| Chinane-type tricyclic diterpenes and other minor compounds | 2006 | [204,205] |
| Review of iridoids and other compounds | 2006 | [206,207] |
| Review of chemical constituents | 2007 | [208] |
| Elucidation and characterization of compounds with specific pharmacologic profiles | 2008 | [209,210] |
| New triterpenoid glycoside, harproside, and new iridoid glycoside, pagide | 2010 | [211] |
| Kynurenic acid content | 2013 | [212] |
| New iridoid diglucoside | 2016 | [213] |