Table 7.
Mixed experiments regarding analgesic/antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of devil’s claw preparations and compounds.
| Study | Type | Year | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats; arachidonic acid and prostaglandin synthetase incubated with various concentrations of indomethacin, acetylsalicylic acid, or Harpagophytum extract (not specified); no effect on edema, anti-inflammatory activity is not mediated by the inhibition of the prostaglandin synthetase. | In Vitro and in vivo | 1983 | Whitehouse et al. [341] |
| Cultured human mammary epithelial cells and female ICR mice; TPA-induced COX expression; Harpagophytum methanolic extract (10, 5, 1 µg/mL, 600, 300, 60 µg, respectively); inhibition of COX-2 expression in both models. | In Vitro and in vivo | 2004 | Na et al. [342] |
| Rat adjuvant-induced chronic arthritis model, LPS-stimulated mouse macrophage cells (RAW 264.7); Harpagophytum ethanolic extract; significant anti-inflammatory effect, and dose-dependent suppression of, IL-6 and TNF-α, respectively. | In Vitro and in vivo | 2010 | Inaba et al. [343] |
| Molecular docking study of harpagoside and harpagide with COX-2; binding energies were −9.13 and −5.53 kcal/mol respectively, finding both harpagoside and harpagide to be highly selective COX-2 inhibitors. | Simulation | 2016 | Rahimi et al. [344] |
| Mouse myoblast C2C12, human colorectal adenocarcinoma HCT116 cell lines, isolated rat colon challenged with LPS; aqueous Harpagophytum extract (1–1000 μg/mL); HCT116 viability reduced, ROS production in both cell lines reduced, PGE2, 8-iso-PGF2α, serotonin, and TNF-α production inhibited. | In Vitro and ex vivo | 2017 | Locatelli et al. [345], Leporini et al. [346] |
| Antioxidant capacity, leukocyte ROS production, COX-2/PGE2 pathway or cytokine secretions; H. procumbens methanolic extract; decreased the secretion of IL-21 and IL-23, increased TNF-α, IL-8, and IFN-γ, immune-stimulant effect. | In Vitro and ex vivo | 2019 | Cholet et al. [347] |
| LPS-stimulated wild-type (C57/BL6) male mice colon and HCT116 cells; experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease; H. procumbens aqueous extract; anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antimicrobial effects (against pathogen fungal strains), morphological alterations in the colon tissue indicated. | In Vitro and ex vivo | 2020 | Recinella et al. [348] |
* Species not specified; however, all specific attribution must be cautioned against due to the frequent admixture.