Table 8.

Anti-inflammatory targets of Harpagophytum preparations and compounds.

		IC50							Reference
Extract/Fraction	Harpagoside (%)	Cys-LT	TXB2	Enzyme Inhibitors	IL-6	IL-1β	NF-κB	COX-2
Special extract WS1531	7.3	9.2 µM/L	55.3 µM/L						[332,333]
	7.3	62 µg/mL	373 µg/mL						[285]
Aqueous ethanolic H. procumbens extract	2.1	1450 µg/mL	-						[285]
				542 μg/mL (HNE)					[199,201]
				547.69/601.49 µg/mL (MPO) *					[349]
					<100 µg/mL				[297]
H. procumbens tincture				915.55/776.49 µg/mL (MPO) *					[349]
Aqueous ethanolic H. zeyheri extract				1012 µg/mL (HNE)					[199,201]
Aqueous H. procumbens extract	8.9					0.55 µg/mL			[350]
	27					0.2 µg/mL			[350]
Ethanolic H. procumbens extract				65.5 µg/mL (FAAH)					[304]
Ethyl acetate fraction of aqueous ethanolic H. procumbens extract	19.95	391 µg/mL	-						[285]
Butanol fraction of aqueous ethanolic H. procumbens extract	19.5	565 µg/mL	203 µg/mL						[285]
Methanolic H. procumbens extract								1046 µg/mL	[295]
H. procumbens extracts and isolates								~125 µg/mL	[296]
Isolated compounds
Harpagoside		30 µM/L	48.6 µM/L						[332,333]
		39 μM/L	49 μM/L						[285]
								1041 µg/mL	[295]
				>600 µg/mL (HNE)					[199,201]
				92.7 µM (AChE)					[351]
				95.6 µM (AChE)					[351]
							96.4 µM		[293]
					14.04 µM				[302]
Harpagide								1186 µg/mL	[295]
8-PCHG				179 µg/mL (HNE)					[199,201]
				95.6 µM (AChE)					[351]
Pagoside				154 µg/mL (HNE)					[199,201]
Caffeic acid				86 µg/mL (HNE)					[199,201]
Acetoside				>500 µg/mL (HNE)					[199,201]
				19.9 µM (AChE), 35 µM (BChE)					[351]
Isoacetocide				179 µg/mL (HNE)					[199,201]
				21.6 µM (AChE), 29.7 µM (BChE)					[351]
Decaffeoylverbascoside				16.1 µM (AChE), 46 µM (BChE)					[351]
6′-O-Acetylacteosid				47 µg/mL (HNE)					[199,201]

* Formyl methionyl leucine phenylalanine- and arachidonic acid-stimulated, respectively.