Table 1.
Details of test variables.
| Reference | Chemical Admixture | Binder | Na2SiO3/ NaOH |
Molarity | Water/ Solid |
Alkali Solution/ Binder |
MS (mm) |
Initial Curing | Specimen (fc’, fsp, fr, Ec) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [15] | 8.2/408 and 6.1/408 |
Class F Fly ash | 103/41 and 103/55.4 |
8,14 | -- | 41/408 and 55.4/408 |
10 | 60 °C (Oven) for 24 h 90 °C (Steam) for 24 h |
A, B,-,- |
| [103] | - | Class F fly ash | 0, 0.15 | 8, 12.5 | 0.55 | 0.4 | 12 | 85 °C (Oven) for 20 h | I,-,W,B |
| [27] | NA | Slag and metakaolin | - | 3.2 | 0.35 | - | NA | 20 °C and RH 100% for 28 days 80 °C and RH 100% for 2, 4, 8 h. Autoclave curing at 150 °C for 2 h |
C,-,D,- |
| [38] | - | Class F fly ash | - | - | Variable | Variable | 14 | 30 °C–35 °C (Steam) for 24 h | -,B,T,- |
| [43] | 6 kg/m3 | Class F Fly | 102/41 | 14 | - | 0.35 | 20 | 80 °C (Steam) for 24 h without or with rest for 1 day. | A,B,-,- |
| [97] | - | Fly ash, Rice husk–bark ash | 2.5 | 14 | - | 0.18 to 0.212 | - | Ambient curing | - |
| [68] | - | Class F fly ash | 2.5 | 8 to 16 | - | 0.35 | 20 | 25 °C and 60 °C (Oven) for 24 h | I,-,-,- |
| [24] | - | Natural pozzolan | 0.476 to 0.516 | - | 0.42 to 0.55 | Variable | 14 | Sealed curing (20 °C, 60 °C) | G,A,-,A |
| [25] | 0.3% to 2% | GGBS | 1/7.5 | - | Variable 0.25 to 0.6 | 8.5% and 2% | 25 | Ambient curing | A,A,U,- |
| [87] | 6.1/498.46 to 6.1/394.29 | Class F Fly ash with OPC | 1.5–2.5 | 14 | 15.97/ 426.62 to 28.51/ 428.57 |
0.3–0.4 | 20 | 60 °C for 24 h. 70 °C for 12 h. 75 °C for 24 h. |
A,B,F,A |
| [48] | 2% | Low calcium fly ash | 2.5 | 10 | 0.25 | 0.55 | 20 | 100 °C | I,B,H,- |
| [42] | 3% | Class F fly ash | 2.5 | 12 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 19 | Ambient curing and 60 °C for 24 h | I,B,H,- |
| [30] | 6/360 | Class F fly ash& GGBS | 2, 2.5 | 14 | 0.197, 0.202 |
0.37,0.4 | 20 | Ambient curing at 17–22 °C and 70 ± 10% RH | - |
| [31] | - | Class F fly ash and GGBS | 0.15 | 12.2 | - | 0.5 | 14 | 80 °C (Sealing) for 48 h. | -.-.H.- |
| [66] | NA | Class F fly ash | 1 | 9 | - | 0.56 | 19 | Air curing for 24 h followed by 60 °C steam for 48 h. | A,A.-,- |
| [13] | - | Class C Fly ash with Nanosilica or Nanoalomina | 2 | 10 | - | 0.6 | - | Normal curing at 27 °C | L,-,M,D |
| [19] | 6% | Fly ash and silica fume | 2.5 | - | 0.12 | 57/400 | 14 | 70 °C (Oven) for 48 h | G,A,H,- |
| [104] | 7.67/639 | Class F fly ash | 2.5 | 14 | 0.39 | 252/639 | 20 | Heat curing at 60 °C for 24 h | I,B,H,B |
| [105] | 15/494 | Class F and class C fly ashes | 1 | 14 | - | 198/494 -464/494 | 10 | 60 °C for 72 h | B,B,F,B |
| [18] | - | Class F fly ash | 0.33 to 3 | 5,10,15 | - | 2 to 2.8 | 12.5 | Oven curing (25, 40, 60 °C) for 48 h | G,-,-B |
| [14] | - | Class F Fly ash& Nanosilica | 1.75 | 8,10,12 | - | 0.4 | - | Ambient curing at 27 °C | J,-,K,- |
| [34] | 1.5% | Class-F FA and POFA | 2.5 | 14 | 0.1 | 0.55 | 9.5 | 65 °C for 48 h | G,A,H,B |
| [88] | 0 to 0.115 | Low calcium fly ash | 1.5 | 14 | 0 to 0.14 | 0.37 | - | Ambient curing and 70° for 24 h | A,A,-,A |
| [22] | - | Class C fly ash | 1,2 | 10,15,20 | - | 107/414, 208/414 | 20 | 60 °C (Oven) or ambient curing for 24 h | A,A,-,B |
| [90] | - | Low calcium fly ash | 2 | 14 | - | 0.3,0.35,0.4 | - | 30°C and 60 °C (Oven) for 24 h | J,-,H,- |
| [82] | 1% | Class F Fly ash & Silica fume | 0 | 14 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 20 | 100 °C (Oven) for 72 h | G,B,H,- |
| [32] | - | Low calcium fly ash and granulated lead smelter slag (GLSS) | 1.5 | 14 | - | 0.37,0.5,0.75 | - | Ambient curing and 70 °C for 24 h and 48 h | - |
| [20] | 6% | Fly ash with silica fume or with GGBS | 2.5 | 12 | 0.12 | 200/450 | 12.5 | Heat curing for 48 h | I,B,H,- |
| [106] | 2.5% | Class F fly ash, bagasse ash, rice husk ash | 2.5 | 12 | - | 0.3 | 20 | 60 °C (Oven) for 24 h | I,B,H,- |
| [41] | - | Class C Fly ash with OPC and inorganic aluminasilicate polymer |
Variable | 10 | Variable | Variable | 15 | 100 °C (Oven) for 24 h & 40 °C water for 28 days |
G,A,H,- |
| [86] | Variable upto 6% | Class F Fly ash, OPC, GGBS | 2.5 | 14 | Variable upto 0.55 | 140/400 & 160/400 | 10 | Ambient curing at 18–23 °C and 70 ± 10%RH | A,A,F,- |
| [62] | 2.5/400 to 47/400 | Class F fly ash | 2.48 to 3.31 | 12,16,18 | 0.025 to 0.0875 | 0.3 to 0.45 | 9.5 | Heat curing at 50 °C for 48 h | G,N,-,A |
| [79] | - | Class F fly ash and GGBS | 2.5 | 10 | 55/409 | 0.35 | 20 | Ambient curing | - |
| [107] | - | Fly ash and GGBS | 2.5 | - | 0.25 | - | - | Ambient curing | L,P,Q,- |
| [108] | - | Granite and slag powder | - | - | - | - | - | Heat curing at 60 and 80 °C for 8 h | D,-D,- |
| [74] | - | Class F fly ash and GGBS | 2.5 | 10 | 55/409 | 0.35 | 20 | Ambient curing | I,B,H,- |
| [109] | - | Class F Fly ash& GGBS | 2259.2/320 | 8 | - | - | 20 | Indoor, outdoor and oven | B,B,E,- |
| [110] | 0,1.47%,1.52% | Fly ash | 2, 2.5 | 8,16 | 0.158 to 0.31 | 0.35,0.4,0.45 | - | 60 °C (Oven) for 24 h | - |
| [111] | - | Class F fly ash with GGBS | 2.5 | 12 | - | 0.45 | 20 | Heat curing for 48 h | I,B,H,- |
| [76] | - | Metakaolin and GGBS | 2.5 | 10 | - | 186/414 | 20 | Ambient curing | I,B,H,- |
| [112] | 7.9/197.5 | Class F Fly ash & GGBS | 129/52 | 8,4 | - | 52/197.5 | 20 | Ambient curing at 30 °C and RH of 65% | I,B,-,- |
| [47] | - | Class F Fly ash | Variable | 16 | 27.07/400 to 36.02/350 | Variable | 14 | 90 °C (Oven) for 24 h | I,-,H,- |
| [89] | - | Class F fly ash and GGBS | 171/69 | - | - | 240/480 | 20 | Ambient curing | I,B,H,B |
| [113] | - | Fly ash | 2.5 | - | - | 0.6 | 20 | heat curing at 80 °C for 24 h | I,-,-,- |
| [35] | - | WBG, Class F fly ash, GBFS, waste ceramic | 3 | Variable 2 to 16 | - | 0.55 | - | Ambient curing | L,N,D,- |
| [114] | 2% | Class F Fly ash | 2.5 | 8,12,16 | Variable | 0.45 | 14 | Ambient curing at 27 °C | I,I,-,- |
| [77] | 3.04/380.66 | Class F fly ash and GGBS | - | 10 | - | 219.31/380.66 | 20 | 60 °C (Oven) for 24 h | G,A,-,B |
| [78] | 6/500 and 9/500 | Class F fly ash and GGBS | 1.5 to 2.5 | 14 | - | 0.45 | 10 | 70 °C (Oven) for 48 h | G,A,H,- |
| [75] | 0.83% to 0.96% | Class F fly ash and GGBS | 2.5 | 8 | - | 0.55 to 0.944 | - | Ambient curing | I,B,H,B |
| [115] | 2% | Class F fly ash |
2.5 | 16 | 0.05 | 0.45 | 20 | 60 °C (Oven) for 24 h | I,B,H,- |
| [29] | - | Class F Fly ash, Palm kernel shell ash, Rice husk ash |
160.61/ 53.54 |
8,12 | - | 214.15/ 428.31 |
- | Ambient curing | - |
| [23] | 1% | Class C fly ash | 1 | 10,15 | - | 0.45–0.6 | 20 | Ambient curing | A,-,-,A |
| [46] | - | Class F fly ash | 117.4/67.1 | 10 | 79.2/410 | 0.4 | 16 | 75 °C (Oven) for 26 h or ambient curing. | I,-,H,A |
| [116] | 0.5% | Class F fly ash | 2 | 16 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 10,20 | 100 °C (Oven) for 24 h | I,B,O,- |
| [58] | SCC (3%) | Class F Fly ash, MK, GGBS | 2.5 | 8,10,12 | 1% to 12% | 0.47 | - | 70 °C (Oven) for 24 h | G,B,H,- |
| [84] | - | Class F fly ash with calcium aluminate cement | 124.55/ 44.51 |
- | 132.43/ 563.54 |
169/563.54 | - | 75 °C (Curing box) for 16 h | G,I,-,V |
| [117] | - | Class F fly ash and GBBS | 2.5 | 12 | - | 0.46 | 20 | 60 °C (Oven) for 24 h | I,B,H,- |
| [118] | - | Class F fly ash, metakaolin | - | 14 | - | - | 20 | 80 °C for 24 h | I,B,O,- |
| [36] | - | GGBS, SCBA | 2.5 | 5 | 75/433.5 | 238.44/ 433.5 |
20 | Sunlight curing | I,B,H,- |
| [119] | - | High calcium fly ash | - | - | 0.25 | - | - | Ambient curing | L,-,-,- |
| [37] | - | GGBS, Bagasse ash | 170.32/ 68.12 |
5,10,15 | 75/ 433.54 |
68.12/ 433.54 |
20 | In direct sunlight | I,B,H,- |
| [17] | From 1% to 4% | Fly ash, Limestone powder | 1 | 8–16 | 0.167 to 0.23 | 0.35 | 12.5 | 80 °C (Oven) for 48 h | B,B,R,B |
| [80] | - | Class F Fly ash, GGBS | 112.65/ 45.06 |
10 | 59.142/394.3 | 45.06/394.3 | 12.5 | Ambient curing | G,A,H,B |
| [85] | - | Class F fly ash and GBBS | Variable | - | 0.3 | - | - | Ambient curing | C,-,D,- |
| [81] | - | Fly ash and GGBS | 2.5 | 12 | - | - | - | - | - |
| [21] | 1.2% | GGBS with nano silica | 2.5 | 10,12,16 | 0.27 | 0.45 | 14 | 60 °C Oven curing | -,B,H,- |
| [91] | - | Class F fly ash | 2.5 | 12 | 31/420 | 210/420 | 14 | 80 °C (Oven) for 24 h | A,A,-,A |
| [120] | - | Metakaolin and Bottom ash | - | 8 | - | 0.5 | - | Ambient curing | - |
| [92] | - | Class C fly ash | 1 | 10 | 78.3/450 | 0.3 | 20 | 70 °C (Oven) for 24 h | A,A,S,- |
| [121] | - | Class F fly ash | 2 | 14 | - | 0.5 | 14 | 23 ± 2℃ and relative humidity 80 ± 5%. | B,B,R,- |
| [59] | 2% | Class F fly ash | 2.5 | 8,12,16 | 0.25 | Variable | 9.5 | 70 °C (Oven) for 24 h | B,B,E,- |
POFA = palm oil fuel ash, WBG = Waste bottle glass, SCBA = Sugarcane Bagasse ash, A = 100 mm × 200 mm cylinder, B = 150 mm × 300 mm cylinder, C = 40 mm cube, D = 40 mm × 40 mm × 160 mm prism, E = 75 mm × 75 mm × 400 mm prism, F = 100 mm × 100 mm × 400 mm prism, G = 100 mm cube, H = 100 mm × 100 mm × 500 mm prism, I = 150 mm cube, J = 70.6 mm cube, K = 50 mm × 50 mm × 200 mm prism, L = 50 mm cube, M = 25mm × 50mm cylinder, N = 75 mm × 150 mm cylinder, O = 150 mm × 150 mm × 700 mm prism, P = 25 mm × 25 mm × 76 mm dog bone shape, Q = 75 mm × 75 mm × 285 mm prism, R = 150 mm × 150 mm × 500 mm prism, S = 150 mm × 150 mm × 600 mm prism, T = 100 mm × 100 mm × 300 mm prism, U = 150 mm × 150 mm × 550 mm prism, V= 150 mm × 150 mm × 300 mm prism, W = 150 mm × 100 mm × 700 mm prism.