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. 2021 Jul 30;11(8):502. doi: 10.3390/metabo11080502

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Crosstalk between liver and ovary in the production of egg yolk and eggshell proteins. Fish is taken as example in this figure. Various environmental factors stimulate the hypothalamus to secrete GnRH. In response to GnRH, the pituitary gland secretes GTHs, which stimulate both the production of 17β-estradiol (E2) in follicle cells and vitellogenin uptake in the oocytes. Vitellogenins are proteins representing the principal source of nutrients in the egg yolk of oviparous vertebrates. They are produced in the liver under the strict control of E2, secreted into the bloodstream and are taken up under the control of GTH by the growing oocytes in the ovary and cleaved into lipovitellins and phosvitins. E2: 17β-estradiol; esr: estrogen receptor; Vtg: vitellogenin; VE: vitellin envelope; GTH: gonadotropin; GnRH: gonadotropin releasing hormone. transport; stimulation.

Inline graphic — Crosstalk between liver and ovary in the production of egg yolk and eggshell proteins. Fish is taken as example in this figure. Various environmental factors stimulate the hypothalamus to secrete GnRH. In response to GnRH, the pituitary gland secretes GTHs, which stimulate both the production of 17β-estradiol (E2) in follicle cells and vitellogenin uptake in the oocytes. Vitellogenins are proteins representing the principal source of nutrients in the egg yolk of oviparous vertebrates. They are produced in the liver under the strict control of E2, secreted into the bloodstream and are taken up under the control of GTH by the growing oocytes in the ovary and cleaved into lipovitellins and phosvitins. E2: 17β-estradiol; esr: estrogen receptor; Vtg: vitellogenin; VE: vitellin envelope; GTH: gonadotropin; GnRH: gonadotropin releasing hormone. transport; stimulation.