Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants.
| Insulin Resistant (n = 76) |
Insulin Sensitive (n = 31) |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | |||
| Male sex (%) | 69 (91) | 27 (87) | 0.826 |
| Age (years) | 56 (9) | 56 (7) | 0.758 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 33.9 (31.1–37.6) | 33.0 (30.6–35.0) | 0.206 |
| Metabolic characteristics | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 140 (130–152) | 137 (131–148) | 0.400 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 90 (11) | 86 (11) | 0.092 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 5.9 (0.7) | 5.7 (0.6) | 0.136 |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/L) | 122 (89–149) | 69 (60–96) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 39 (4) | 38 (4) | 0.226 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.4 (4.8–6.2) | 4.9 (4.6–6.4) | 0.421 |
| Low-density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 3.5 (2.9–4.3) | 3.4 (2.6–4.2) | 0.291 |
| High-density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 0.115 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | 1.3 (1.1–1.7) | 0.282 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 25 (21–29) | 23 (22–26) | 0.264 |
| Alanine Aminotransferase (U/L) | 33 (26–41) | 27 (21–34) | 0.018 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 2.1 (1.4–4.2) | 1.7 (1.0–4.0) | 0.760 |
| Dietary intake | |||
| Total calorie (kcal/day) | 2010 (461) | 1756 (341) | 0.011 |
| Fat (gram/day) | 75 (20) | 65 (25) | 0.076 |
| Carbohydrate (gram/day) | 202 (166–239) | 170 (141–222) | 0.087 |
| Protein (gram/day) | 87 (19) | 85 (17) | 0.669 |
| Fiber (gram/day) | 19 (17–21) | 15 (13–19) | 0.009 |
| Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp | |||
| Rd (µmol.kg−1min−1) | 27.5 (20.8–33.6) | 48.6 (43.9–55.4) | <0.001 |
| EGP suppression (%) | 63.7 (14.5) | 81.5 (16.2) | <0.001 |
Categorical data are count (%) and compared by chi-square test. Continuous data are median (IQR] or mean (standard deviation) and compared by Mann–Whitney U test or t-test, respectively. Subjects are categorized as insulin resistant (Rd < 37.3 μmol·kg−1min−1) or insulin sensitive (Rd > 37.3 μmol·kg−1min−1). Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, Hemoglobin A1c; Rd, rate of disposal; EGP, endogenous glucose production.