Random–effects meta–analysis of relationships between protein–rich breakfast and hunger (mm). Data for Baum 2015a [13] are based on non–overweight participants, whereas data for Baum 2015b [13] are based on overweight participants. Bellissimo 2020a [20], Bellissimo 2020b [20], and Bellissimo 2020c [20] are based on different subsets of subjects who identified as different dose protein breakfast consumers. Data for Douglas 2019a [21] are based on different subsets of subjects who habitually skipped breakfast, whereas data for Douglas 2019b [21] are based on different subsets of subjects who habitually consumed breakfast. Kral 2016a (Oatmeal vs. Scrambled eggs) [15], Kral 2016b (Cereal vs. Scrambled eggs) [15], Mehrabani 2015a (LFM vs. W) [23], and Mehrabani 2015b (LFM vs. AJ) [23] are based on different subsets of subjects who identified as different control groups, respectively. Other studies were defined as Liu2015 [14], Wang2014 [17], and Wang 2015 [24], respectively.