Table 2.
A summary of reported immunoassays for cTnI.
| Assay Type/Signaling Mechanism a | Signaling Probe/Particle | LOD (ng/mL) | LDR (ng/mL) | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| QDs-based SIA | Immunomagnetic microparticle and QDs | 4.7 × 10−2 | 0–40 | [28] |
| PoC system by fluorescence detection | Sensor chip with fluorescence-labeled dAb | 6.2 × 10−4 | 2.0–7132 | [27] |
| LFIA with fluorescent nanoprobe | Multilayer surface-functionalized nanospheres with fluorescent molecules. | 4.9 × 10−2 | 0.049–50.0 | [29] |
| LED-excitation-based immunoassay for PoC use | A reflection-type fluorimeter with a single chip UV LED | 2.2 × 10−4 | 0.25–30.0 | [21] |
| Fluorescent aptasensor | Fluorescence of anti-cTnI aptamers labeled by 6-carboxyfluorescein | 7.0 × 10−2 | 0.1–6.0 | [30] |
| Two-dimensional paper-based fluorescent immunosensor | Fluorescent-conjugated dAb | 5.0 × 10−2 | 0.05–25.0 | [20] |
| Extended SIA | Fluorescent-conjugated tertiary antibody | 1.0 × 10−4 | 0.1–1.0 | [31] |
| FSIAwith MOF-loaded dye | Release of fluorescent coumarin from a MOF | 9.9 × 10−5 | 0.00024–0.7911 | [32] |
| FSIA | Sensitive fluorescent-europium (III)-chelate-dye-nanoparticle | 2.0 × 10−3 | 0.003–9.6 | [33] |
| RCA of fluorescent aptamer | FRET signal between the fluorescent aptamer and graphene oxide | 1.4 × 10−2 | 0.050–0.5 | [34] |
| Fluorometric and colorimetric dual-readout ALP activity | Hydrolysis of m-hydroxyphenyl phosphate to a fluorescent product | 4.0 × 10−2 | 0.125–8.0 | [35] |
| Enzymatic chemiluminescence and MIA | ALP chemiluminescence chemistry-based detection. | 1.0 × 10−1 | 0.1–50.0 | [36] |
| ALP-based fluorescent ELISA | Fluorescent polymer carbon dots | 1.0 | 1.0–30.0 | [37] |
| NLISA | Colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescent detection through oxOPD and QDs | 2.3 × 10−4 | 0.001–10 | [38] |
| ELISA with the enzyme-like activity of Au@Pt nanodendrites | Combining signals of temperature, color and fluorescence. | 3.4 × 10−1 | 0.5–5.0 | [39] |
| ELISA with Pd-Ir nanocubes | CDs and fluorescent oxOPD | 3.1 × 10−2 | 0.001–1.0 | [40] |
| NIFA | Fluorescent single-walled CNT | 100 | 0–2500 | [19] |
| Detection on pGold chip using SIA | A pGold chip-based platform | 1.0 × 10−2 | 0.01–1.2 | [18] |
| MNPmediated-SPR | Fe3O4 MNP | 7.2 × 10−1 | 1.0–20.0 | [24] |
| Photoelectrochemical immunosensing | CdAgTe quantum dots and dodecahedral AuNPs | 1.7 × 10−3 | 0.005–0.02 | [25] |
| Single-step LFIA | Microfluidic chip instrumented with two microfluidic modules | 4.0 | 0.01–1000 | [41] |
| RTDIA based on a novel differential bright field imaging system | Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) | 5.7 × 10−3 | 0–5000 | [26] |
| ECL immunosensing | Polyethylenimine-functionalized graphene electrode | 3.3 × 10−2 | 0.005–30 | [42] |
a Abbreviations: FSIA—Fluorescent sandwich immunoassay, RCA—Rolling circle amplification, SIA—sandwich Immunoassay, Abs—Antibodies, cAb—capture antibody, dAb—detection antibody, CNT—carbon nanotubes, LFIA—Lateral flow immunoassay, NIFA—Near-infrared fluorescent assay, QDs—Quantum dots, MOF—Metal-organic framework PoC—Point-of-care, FRET—Fluorescence resonance energy transfer, ECL- Electrochemiluminescence, AuNPs—gold nanoparticles, CDs—Carbon dots, MNP—Magnetic nanoparticle, pGold—plasmonic gold nano-island, MIA—Magnetic immunoassay, NLISA—Nanoceria-linked immunosorbent assay, SPR—Surface plasmon resonance, RTDIA—Real-time digital immunoassay.