Table 3.
Additive interactions between maternal FAS/non-FAS and exposure to maternal risk factors on congenital heart disease in offspring, GRCHD, China, 2004–2016 *.
| Maternal Exposures | OR00 (ref) (FAS, No Exposure) |
OR10 (95% CI) (Non-FAS, No Exposure) |
OR01 (95% CI) (FAS, Exposure) |
OR11 (95% CI) (Non-FAS, Exposure) |
RERI (95% CI) | AP (95% CI) | S (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal disease † | |||||||
| Fever | 1.00 | 1.53 (1.37–1.72) | 1.08 (0.58–2.00) | 4.30 (3.08–6.01) | 2.69 (1.18–4.21) | 0.63 (0.43–0.82) | 5.43 (1.65–17.83) |
| Viral infection | 1.00 | 1.50 (1.34–1.69) | 1.97 (1.42–2.73) | 4.73 (3.85–5.80) | 2.26 (1.22–3.29) | 0.48 (0.32–0.64) | 2.53 (1.56–4.10) |
| Gestational hypertension | 1.00 | 1.56 (1.39–1.75) | 1.82 (0.65–5.15) | 3.05 (1.92–4.85) | 0.67 (−1.67–3.00) | 0.22 (−0.49–0.93) | 1.48 (0.32–6.79) |
| Threatened abortion | 1.00 | 1.52 (1.36–1.71) | 1.33 (0.92–1.91) | 3.08 (2.43–3.90) | 1.23 (0.43–2.03) | 0.40 (0.20–0.60) | 2.45 (1.27–4.73) |
| Reproductive history | |||||||
| Previous pregnancy with birth defect | 1.00 | 1.40 (1.23–1.58) | 4.49 (0.96–21.05) | 9.78 (4.83–19.82) | 4.90 (−4.83–14.63) | 0.00 (−0.29–1.29) | 2.26 (0.32–15.8) |
| Spontaneous/elective abortion history | 1.00 | 1.39 (1.22–1.57) | 1.17 (0.86–1.58) | 1.80 (1.49–2.18) | 0.24 (−0.20–0.69) | 0.14 (−0.10–0.37) | 1.44 (0.69–3.00) |
| Maternal lifestyle and environmental factors | |||||||
| Alcohol consumption † | 1.00 | 1.57 (1.40–1.76) | 8.23 (1.02–66.39) | 2.28 (1.34–3.90) | −6.51 (−23.72–10.7) | −2.85 (−10.63–4.92) | 0.16 (0.02–1.80) |
| Active smoking † | 1.00 | 1.40 (1.24–1.59) | 1.23 (0.23–6.66) | 1.77 (1.01–3.09) | 1.43 (−2.17–5.02) | 0.47 (0.09–0.84) | 3.25 (1.07–9.86) |
| Living in newly renovated home ‡ | 1.00 | 1.54 (1.38–1.73) | 0.87 (0.39–1.93) | 3.92 (2.89–5.32) | 2.51 (1.19–3.84) | 0.64 (0.44–0.84) | 7.14 (1.20–42.34) |
| Residing within 50 m of a high traffic roadway ‡ | 1.00 | 1.56 (1.39–1.75) | 1.07 (0.75–1.54) | 1.70 (1.46–1.99) | 0.07 (−0.36–0.50) | 0.04 (−0.21–0.29) | 1.11 (0.57–2.17) |
Abbreviations: AP, attributable proportion; CHD, congenital heart disease; CI, confidence interval; FAS, folic acid supplementation; GRCHD, Guangdong Registry of Congenital Heart Disease; OR, odds ratio; RERI, relative excess risk due to interaction; S, synergy index. * models adjusted for maternal sociodemographic factors (age, education, household income, residence, and floating population), maternal medication/supplement use during the 1st trimester of pregnancy (traditional Chinese medications and multivitamins), and paternal factors (alcohol consumption and smoking); † Exposure window: in the 1st trimester of pregnancy (within 3 months after pregnancy); ‡ Exposure window: during the periconceptional period (3 months before pregnancy to the end of the 1st trimester).