Table 4.
Frequently used polymeric and lipid nanoparticles for buccal delivery and their characteristics.
| Types of Nanoparticles |
Nanoparticle Composition |
Method | Polymers/Drug | Outcome | Key Points | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nanospheres | Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) | Double-emulsion solvent evaporation | HPMC K15 and Eudragit RS 100/selegiline | Potential to prolong retention, provide controlled release, enhance bioavailability | Buccal film fabricated from HPMC and eudragit embedded with poly (lac-tic-co-glycolic acid) nanospheres Permeation rate of selegiline mainly influenced by the film composition used The overall mean value of AUC0-α (2935.65 ± 194.24 ng.h/mL) from buccal film was found to be ~3 fold higher (p < 0.0001) as compared to oral solution |
[124] |
| Nanoparticles | Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) | Double-emulsion solvent evaporation | Chitosan/ C-glycosyl flavonoid fraction of Cecropia glaziovii |
Capacity to overcome low bioavailability of flavonoid extract | Dynamic mechanical analysis tests indicated that increasing of nanoparticles concentration caused decreased stiffness and an increased glass transition temperature Cytotoxic assay results indicated that these systems showed no cytotoxicity |
[125] |
| Solid-lipid nanoparticles | Lipoid S100 and polysorbate 80 | Solvent injection | HPMC/coumarin 6 | Could be used for poorly aqueous soluble drugs | Lipid nanoparticles improved the cellular permeability through mucosal epithelial cells The quality of the solid-lipid nanoparticles loaded film and placebo mucoadhesive film were same |
[126] |
| Liposomes | Polyvinylpyrrolidone | Electron spinning | Na CMC and chitosan/carvedilol | Initial burst release avoided with positive effect on permeation | Coaxial fibers-based self-assembling liposomes formed Demonstrated significant permeation across porcine TR146 cell culture and porcine buccal mucosa Cytotoxicity assay indicated absence of any toxicity caused by the fibers |
[127] |
| Nanolipid structures | D-α-tocopherol PEG 1000 succinate, almond oil, compritol, phosphatidylcholine, gelucire 44/14 | Hot emulsification–ultrasonication technique | Carbopol 934 and HPMC/glimepiride | Suitability to transport across buccal mucosa in sustained release manner | Selected concentration of micelles to nanostructured lipid carriers, carbopol and sodium cholate were 100%, 0.05% and 1.8%, respectively using a Box-Behnken design Optimized mucoadhesive film with a backing layer of ethyl cellulose demonstrated unidirectional glimepiride release of 93.9% at 6 h |
[128] |