Table 3.

Sleep quality (assessed with the PSQI questionnaire) in participants completing the final assessment.

PSQI Domains	CoQ10 + NADH (n = 72)	Placebo (n = 72)	p-Values 1
Subjective sleep quality
Baseline	1.71 ± 1.14	2.01 ± 1.08	0.101
4 weeks	1.67 ± 1.15	2.01 ± 1.08	0.064
8 weeks	1.69 ± 1.23	2.03 ± 1.13	0.091
4 weeks post-treatment	1.94 ± 1.06 *	2.10 ± 1.04	0.383
Sleep latency
Baseline	2.29 ± 0.88	2.10 ± 1.04	0.226
4 weeks	2.25 ± 0.92	2.10 ± 1.04	0.350
8 weeks	2.40 ± 0.88	2.17 ± 1.05	0.145
4 weeks post-treatment	2.33 ± 0.87	2.07 ± 1.15	0.124
Sleep duration
Baseline	1.31 ± 1.02	1.71 ± 0.98	0.017
4 weeks	1.28 ± 1.00	1.67 ± 0.96	0.018
8 weeks	1.51 ± 1.03 *	1.75 ± 0.98	0.160
4 weeks post-treatment	1.43 ± 0.96	1.67 ± 1.02	0.155
Habitual sleep efficiency
Baseline	1.81 ± 1.25	2.03 ± 1.15	0.269
4 weeks	1.68 ± 1.25	1.94 ± 1.19	0.196
8 weeks	1.90 ± 1.13 *	1.97 ± 1.20	0.720
4 weeks post-treatment	1.94 ± 1.11	1.93 ± 1.23	0.943
Sleep disturbances
Baseline	2.35 ± 0.70	2.35 ± 0.63	1.000
4 weeks	2.31 ± 0.76	2.35 ± 0.63	0.721
8 weeks	2.31 ± 0.64	2.33 ± 0.75	0.811
4 weeks post-treatment	2.36 ± 0.61	2.32 ± 0.65	0.691
Sleeping medication use
Baseline	1.93 ± 1.23	1.75 ± 1.36	0.404
4 weeks	1.90 ± 1.25	1.75 ± 1.36	0.483
8 weeks	1.96 ± 1.22	1.88 ± 1.36	0.699
4 weeks post-treatment	1.99 ± 1.14	1.81 ± 1.34	0.385
Daytime dysfunction
Baseline	2.15 ± 0.85	2.15 ± 0.88	1.000
4 weeks	2.13 ± 0.87	2.15 ± 0.88	0.849
8 weeks	2.18 ± 0.79	2.19 ± 0.91	0.922
4 weeks post-treatment	2.22 ± 0.74	2.22 ± 084	1.000
Global PSQI score
Baseline	14.71 ± 3.47	15.07 ± 3.48	0.533
4 weeks	14.44 ± 3.86	15.03 ± 3.47	0.341
8 weeks	15.03 ± 3.44	15.35 ± 3.70	0.592
4 weeks post-treatment	15.26 ± 3.09	15.18 ± 3.71	0.883

Data are given as means ± SD and compared by paired Student’s t-test for within-group comparison analysis and by Student’s t-test for independent data in between-group comparison analysis. Significance level was set at * p < 0.05. No statistically significant differences were displayed in any PSQI items between groups. Abbreviations: PSQI, Pittsburgh sleep quality index. Lower PSQI scores indicate an improvement in the perception of sleep quality among participants. ¹ p-values for between-group comparison analysis.