Table 6.
Cytotoxicity evaluations in in vitro studies induced by BNC- and BNC-based materials.
| Material | Cellulose Source | Toxicological Experiment |
Cells Lines |
Toxicological Results |
Results and Possible Application |
Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BNC | ||||||
| BNC scaffolds | G. xylinus | CCk-8 assay | HUVECs, SMCs, Fibroblasts |
BC tubes have no toxic or side effects on vessel-related cells cultured on their surface; the surface of BC tubes was beneficial for cell attachment, proliferation, and ingrowth. |
Vascular TE |
[161] |
| Octenidine-loaded BNC | K. xylinus | ATP assay | HaCaT | Pure BNC has no influence on HaCaT viability; OCT/BNC extracts exhibited time and concentration-dependent toxicity; cell-damaging effects were observed at extract conc >10% and longer incubation times (24 and 48 h). |
Active wound dressing | [101] |
| BNC | Sugar cane molasses | LDH activity | HepG2/C3A | BC is not cytotoxic (conc. < 170 μg/mL); BNC has a protective effect against CP-induced myelotoxicity and enotoxicity. |
Biomaterial TE |
[193] |
| Vaccarin- loaded BNC |
G. xylinus | MTT assay |
L929 | BNC-Vac has lower toxicity and better biocompatibility than BNC; RGR for both BNC and BNC-Vac was above 74%. |
Wound dressing | [110] |
| Gentamycin-loaded BNC | K. xylinus | NR assay | U2-OS | No cytotoxicity on osteoblast culture after 24 h; gentamycin released from G-BNC after 8 h (400 mg/L) and 16 h (600 mg/L) is enough to eliminate S. aureus and P. aeruginosa biofilms. |
Bone regeneration TE | [212] |
| Curcumin- loaded BNC |
K. xylinus | MTS assay |
HNDF | The cytotoxic effect on the cells depended on the conc. of curcumin; at 0.5 mg/mL C, a strong cytotoxicity for BNC-C and BNC-DC180; BNC-DC300 suitable cytotoxicity, even at higher extract conc. |
Wound dressing | [191] |
| BNC-GTMAC BNC-GHDE |
G. xylinus | AB assay | HaCaT | No cytotoxicity; Suitable wound closure rates in the presence of the samples, with complete coverage of the scratched area after 5 days. |
Wound dressing | [192] |
| BNC in nanocomposites | ||||||
| BNC/ALG bilayer composites | G. xylinus | ISO10993-5:2009 | hNCs hMNC |
The composites were found to be noncytotoxic, with a cell viability of 98% and a uniform distribution of cells on the entire porous layer. | Neocartilage TE | [147] |
| BNC-COL-Ap composites |
G. xylinus | MTT assay |
Osteoblastic cells | The composites did not exhibit cytotoxicity effects. | Bone regeneration TE | [144] |
| ALG/BCN/COL composite |
A. xylinum | CCk-8 assay | MC3T3-E1 hAMS |
MC3T3-E1 and hams cells were viable and proliferate well, after 2 and 5 days of incubation—suitable cytocompatibility. | TE | [140] |
| BC-PHEMA composites |
A. xylinum | AB assay | rMSCs | BC-PHEMA composites are nontoxic and biocompatible; did not influence the morphology and proliferation of the rMSCs. |
Wound dressing | [213] |
| BC/COL composites |
G. xylinus | Live/ Dead assay |
UCBMSCs | No cytotoxicity; Provide advanced microenvironment for UCB-MSCs viability and in vitro proliferation; Significantly elevated proteins and calcium deposition. |
Bone regeneration TE |
[214] |
| GEL/BNC nanocomposite |
A. xylinum | MTT assay |
HEK293 | BNG showed negligible cytotoxicity. | Wound dressing | [215] |
| BNC-GEL nanocomposite |
- | MTS assay |
MRC-5 | The samples have no cytotoxicity, and the cells retained their morphology in direct contact with the membrane, The cells attaching to the GEL porous site, while not attaching to the GEL thin-coated BC side. |
Bone regeneration TE |
[216] |
| Chitosan-BNC | K. xylinus | MTT assay |
GM07492 | No cytotoxicity for the BC group and BC-Chi-Cip group; Ciprofloxacin-loaded BC-Chi samples exhibited a significant but slight decrease in the metabolic activity of cells (moderate cytotoxicity). |
Wound dressing | [217] |
| GO/n-HAp/BNC/b-glucan biocomposite |
- | NR assay |
MC3T3-E1 | All samples had suitable potential for cell adhesion and proliferation with very low cytotoxicity The order of the cell viability: BgC-1.4 (93%) > BgC-1.3 (79.8%) > BgC-1.2 (71.4%) > BgC-1.1 (68.9%). |
Bone regeneration TE |
[194] |
Abbreviations: HUVECs—Human umbilical vein endothelial cells; SMCs—Smooth muscle cells; HaCaT—Human keratinocytes cells; HepG2/C3A—Human C3A hepatoma cells; L929—Mouse skin fibroblast cells; U2-OS—Osteoblast cell; HNDF—Human neonatal dermal fibroblasts; MC3T3-E1—Mouse osteoblastic cells; rMSCs—Mouse mesenchymal stem cells; UCBMSCs—Human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells; MRC-5—Normal lung tissues cells; GM07492—Human fibroblast cells; CCk-8 assay—Cholecystokinin-octopeptide proliferation assay; ATP assay—Adenosine triphosphate assay; LDH assay—Lactate dehydrogenase assay; NR assay—Neutral red assay; MTS assay—CellTiter 96® Aqueous Non-Radioactive Cell Proliferation assay; AB assay—Alamar blue assay; G. xylinus—Gluconacetobacter xylinus; K. xylinus—Komagataeibacter xylinus; A. xylinum—Acetobacter xylinum; BNC- GTMAC—BNC functionalized with glycidyl trime-thylammonium chloride (GTMAC); BNC-GHDE—BNC functionalized with glycidyl hexadecyl ether (GHDE).