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. 2021 Aug 5;11(8):2007. doi: 10.3390/nano11082007

Table 5.

Durability performance of geopolymer mixes compared to Portland concrete.

Durability Indicator Test Description Aluminosilicate Precursor Geopolymer Performance Ref.
Acid attack resistance Exposure to 0.1–0.5 M organic acid solution (acetic and lactic acids) for 56 days and evaluation of compressive strength changes and percentage of mass loss FA Better [79]
Acid attack resistance Exposure to sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid (pH = 3) for 2 years and evaluation of compressive strength changes and percentage of mass loss Waste-glass powder (WGP) Better [80]
Sulphate attack resistance Exposure to 3% sodium sulphate solution for 6 months and evaluation of compressive strength changes and percentage of mass loss FA Better [81]
Sulphate attack resistance Exposure to 10% solution of magnesium sulfate for 1 year and evaluation of compressive strength changes and percentage of mass loss FA-GBFS Better [82]
Carbonation resistance Accelerated carbonation test: treatment in a carbonation chamber (CO2 mass fraction of 20%, temperature of 20 ± 2 °C, and relative humidity of 70 ± 5%) for 2 months and evaluation of carbonation depth GBFS Worst [83]
Carbonation resistance Accelerated carbonation test: treatment in a carbonation chamber (CO2 concentration of 1%, temperature of 23° C, and relative humidity of 65%) for 6 months and evaluation of carbonation depth FA-GBFS Worst [84]
Water sorptivity Immersion in water for 2 h and gain mass measurement at regular interval of 30 min, resulting the penetration of the water into the material FA Better [81]
Water sorptivity Immersion in water for 45 days and gain mass measurement at regular interval of 30 min, resulting the penetration of the water into the material FA Better [85]
Freeze-thaw resistance Exposure to 125 freeze-thaw cycles, according to ASTM C666 method. Hereinafter, evaluation of compressive strength changes and percentage of mass loss was performed FA-GBFS Worst [86]
Freeze-thaw resistance Exposure to 3 h temperature cycling from −18 °C to 4 °C for 27 cycles. Hereinafter, evaluation of compressive strength changes percentage of mass loss was performed FA Worst [87]