Table 1.

Effects of various exercises on vascular parameters. The effects are expressed in degree of positivity (+ to + + +).

Type of Exercise	Duration	Species	Site	Parameters	Effects	References
Treadmill walking	10–12 weeks	Rat	Femur Tibia Fibula	Blood flow and vascular conductance	+ + +	[20]
Treadmill exercise	10–12 weeks	Rat	Femur	Bone marrow blood flow	+	[21]
				Vasodilatation response	+
				Endothelium signaling pathways	+
Swimming	8 weeks	Rat	Femur	Bone microvascularity Bone capillary vascularity	+ + +	[22]
Climbing resistance exercise	8 weeks	Rat	Aorta	Endothelin-1 concentration Expression of the endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS) protein	+ + +	[23]
Swimming	8 weeks	Rat	Aorta	Endothelin-1 concentration Expression eNOS protein	+ + +	[23]
Treadmill running	7 weeks 3 weeks	Rat Mouse	Humerus Femur Tibia	Vascular adaptations Circulating red cell volume Circulating blood volume	+ + +	[24]
Treadmill exercise	6 weeks	Rat	Femur	Diameter and volume of blood vessels Expression of eNOS in femoral vessels	+ + +	[25]
Treadmill running	5 weeks	Rat	Tibia	Number of vessels in the proximal metaphysis VEGF receptor 1 mRNA	+ + +	[26]
Treadmill running	4 weeks	Rat	Femur	Total bone, proximal, diaphyseal, callus, and muscle blood flows	+ + +	[27]
Treadmill running	3 weeks	Mouse	Bone marrow	Numbers of circulating EPCs EPCs in the bone marrow VEGF serum level	+ + +	[28]
Bicycle ergometer training	4 weeks	Human	Blood	Numbers of circulating EPCs	+ + +	[28]