Electromagnetic field (EMF) capacity of steering in vivo Jurkat and murine primary T cells towards lymph nodes, after treatment with magnetic nanoparticles (MNP). (a) Experimental set-up for determining the homing capacity of MNP-loaded cells as compared with MNP-free cells. A mixture of MNP-free and MNP-loaded human T cells (Jurkat) or murine T cells was prepared and injected i.v. into nude or C57BL/6J mice, respectively. Homing capacity of Jurkat (b) and murine T cells (c), loaded or not with MNP in the absence of an EMF, as measured by flow cytometry. Student’s t-test, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Ratio of MNP-free and MNP-loaded Jurkat (d) and murine (e) T cells, in the EMF-exposed lymph node (LN) to the control LN (no EMF), 20 min after i.v. injection of the cell mixture in recipient mice. (f) Ratio of MNP-free murine T cells, administered i.v. as a control, in the EMF-exposed LN to control LN (no EMF). Student’s t-test, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Figure reproduced from ref. [38].