Table 2.

Almond allergens and their biological function, molecular weight, food processing effects and clinical relevance.

Allergen	Biochemical Name	WHO-IUIS	Isoallergen and Variants	GenBank Nucleotide	UniProt	Biological Function	MW (kDa)	Processing	Clinical Relevance	References
Pru du 3	non-specific Lipid Transfer Protein 1 nsLTP1	Yes (2009)	Pru du 3.0101	FJ652103	C0L0I5	Non-specific lipid transfer protein (nslTP1) and plant defense proteins against pathogens	9	Very resistant to pH, thermal and enzyme treatments	Systemic and life-threatening symptoms; cross reactivity among Rosaceae fruit	[112]
Pru du 4	Profilin	Yes (2006)	Pru du 4.0101 Pru du 4.0102	AY081850 AY081852	Q8GSL5 Q8GSL5	Actin-binding protein for cellular function	14	Unstable during heat processing	Mild symptoms and mainly in oral cavity	[68]
Pru du 5	60S acidic ribosomal protein P2	Yes (2007)	Pru du 5.0101	DQ836316	Q8H2B9	Protein synthesis	10	Unknown	Unknown	[86]
Pru du 6	Amandin, 11S globulin legumin-like protein	Yes (2010)	Pru du 6.0101 Pru du 6.0201	GU059260 GU059261	E3SH28 E3SH29	Major storage protein	360	Stable to dry heat but can be denatured by boiling	Severe IgE allergic reactions	[82]
Pru du 8	Antimicrobial seed storage protein	Yes (2018)	Pru du 8.0101	MH922028	A0A516F3L2	Antimicrobial and seed storage function	31	Unknown	Unknown	[90]
Pru du 10	Mandelonitrile lyase 2	Yes (2019)	Pru du 10.0101	AF412329.1	Q945K2	Highly efficient catalytical enzyme	60	Resistant to enzyme digestion	Unknown	[87,89]
Pru du γ-conglutin	Cupin superfamily	No	_______	_______	_______	7S vicilin storage protein	45 for each subunit	Unknown	Unknown	[92]
Pru du 1	PR-10 protein	No	_______	_______	_______	Plant pathogenic and stress response	17	Wet heat processing reduces IgE reactivity	Unknown	[99]
Pru du 2	PR-5/thaumatin-like protein	No	_______	_______	_______	Pathogenic response	23–27	Resistant to protease, pH or heat treatment	Unknown	[113]
Pru 2S albumin	Prolamin super family	No	_______	_______	_______	Seed storage protein	12	Stable to heat treatment	Unknown	[92]