Table 3.
Example of commercial immunological kits for almond detection and/or quantification and their main characteristics: time for results including extraction times, assay type, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ) and their manufacturers.
| Kit 1 | Assay Time | Assay Type | LOD (ppm) | LOQ (ppm) |
Company |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ELISA-based | |||||
| MonoTrace ELISA kit | 40 min | Monoclonal antibody-based ELISA | 0.15 | 1 | BioFront Technologies, Tallahassee, FL, USA |
| SENSISpec ELISA almond | 75 min | Sandwich enzyme immunoassay | 0.2 | 0.4 | Eurofins Technologies, Budapest, Hungary |
| RIDASCREEN FAST Mandel/Almond |
50 min | Polyclonal antibody specifically for almond protein detection, sandwich ELISA |
0.1 | 2.5 | R-Biopharm AG, Madrid, Spain |
| AgraQuant® Plus Almond | 30 min | Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay | 0.5 | 1 | Romer Labs®, Getzersdorf, Austria |
| LFD-based | |||||
| AgraStrip® Almond | 11 min | Lateral flow device | 2 | __________ | Romer Labs®, Getzersdorf, Austria |
| Reveal 3-D Almond Test | 10 min | Lateral flow device | 5 | __________ | Neogen Corp., Lansing, MI, USA |
| Lateral Flow Almond incl. Hook Line 2 | 10 min | Lateral flow device | 1 | __________ | R-Biopharm AG, Madrid, Spain |
1 Mention of commercial kits and trade names is only for exemplification purposes and the authors declare no competing financial interest. 2 The hook line is included with the purpose of overcoming the hook effect—very high amounts of an analyte in the sample can lead to falsely lowered or negative results.