Figure 1.

Genome editing technologies applied to A. oryzae. (A) Basic principles of genome editing. The engineered nuclease is targeted to efficiently generate DNA double-strand breaks, which activates the DNA repair pathways and then introduces a site-specific mutation. (B) Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs). TALENs recognize two target sites separated with a 12–20 bp spacer sequence cleaved by FokI nuclease domain. (C) CRISPR/Cas9 system. Cas9 nuclease is recruited by single guide RNA (sgRNA) to the target DNA sequence located immediately upstream of the protospacer-associated motif (PAM) sequence. * site-specific mutation.