Table 1.

Overview of ARS gene variants related angiogenesis

Gene	Protein	Unique variants	Cell function/signaling pathway	Diseases	Inhibitor		Ref.
TARS	threonyl-tRNA synthetase	zebrafish tarscq16	activate VEGFA expression	disorganize vessels abnormal branching of the established ISVs and brain vascular network	VEGF receptor inhibitor; human TARS mRNA	32
		zebrafish tarsy58	UPR pathway was upregulated; activate VEGF expression	activate branching of angiogenic vessels in both the trunk and the head	ATF4 inhibitor	25
IARS	isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase	zebrafish tarsy68	UPR pathway was upregulated; activate VEGF expression	activate branching of angiogenic vessels in both the trunk and the head	N/A	25
WARS2	tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase 2	rat WARS2 (L53F)	suppress EC cell cycle in G2/M and proliferation	defects in angiogenic sprouting of ISVs	human WARS mRNA	35
Mini-YARS/mini-WARS	mini-tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase/mini-tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase	N/A	promote EC proliferation and migration via VEGFR2-ERK signal pathway	pro-angiogenic/anti-angiogenic; rats/mice/rhesus monkeys with acute myocardial infarction	N/A	41,49,109
SARS	seryl-tRNA synthetase	zebrafish adr/sars	N/A	dilate the aortic arch vasculature and regulate branching of the hindbrain capillary network	N/A	27
		zebrafish ko095	activate VEGFA-VEGFR2 signal pathway	disorganize vessels abnormal branching of the established intersegmental vessels	VEGF receptor inhibitor; human SARS mRNA	51
HARS	histidyl-tRNA synthetase	zebrafish harscq34	activate VE-cadherin expression and altered VE-cadherin localization; activate VEGFA expression	hyperbranching cranial and intersegmental blood vessels	VEGF receptor inhibitor; human HARS mRNA	59