Table 3.
Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between dietary supplement use and demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors and clinical examinations among 641 women participants of the Epirus Health Study; the association between DS use and age was assessed non-linearly.
| Variable | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | Overall p-Value 1 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | N/A 2 | N/A 2 | 0.04 |
| After-tax income (€/month) | |||
| ≤500 | Reference | ||
| 501–900 | 0.900 (0.527–1.539) | 0.70 | |
| 901–1400 | 1.254 (0.752–2.090) | 0.39 | |
| >1400 | 1.045 (0.521–2.095) | 0.90 | 0.46 |
| General health status | |||
| Very good | Reference | ||
| Good | 0.562 (0.309–1.023) | 0.06 | |
| Moderate/bad/very bad | 0.896 (0.526–1.527) | 0.69 | 0.05 |
| Chronic health condition | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 1.705 (1.182–2.458) | 4.3−03 | |
| Lost/removed teeth (excl. wisdom teeth) | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 0.521 (0.351–0.775) | 1.3−03 | |
| BMI (per 5 kg/m2) | 0.793 (0.631–0.997) | 0.05 | |
| HDL cholesterol (per 5 mg/dL) | 1.032 (0.953–1.119) | 0.43 | |
| Triglycerides (per 5 mg/dL) | 0.992 (0.968–1.017) | 0.54 | |
| Systolic blood pressure (per 5 mmHg) 3 | 1.043 (0.937–1.162) | 0.44 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (per 5 mmHg) 3 | 0.835 (0.725–0.961) | 0.01 |
Abbreviations: BMI; Body Mass Index, HDL; High-density lipoprotein. All variables associated univariably with DS use at the 10% statistical significance threshold from Table 2 were entered in a multivariable model. Among the anthropometric variables, only BMI was left in the model to avoid multi-collinearity. 1 Overall p-value was calculated by overall Wald test. 2 Age was included in the model using restricted cubic splines with five knots. 3 Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured as average of three consecutive measurements with an arterial stiffness monitor.