Figure 1.

Isolation, physical and molecular characterization of tomato nanovesicles (NVs). Briefly, tomatoes were homogenized in a homogenization buffer, and differential centrifugation (dUC) was applied to isolate the bulk NVs. NVs were purified by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) or separated into different fractions, using gradient-density ultracentrifugation (gUC). Particle concentration, size distribution, morphology, density and molecular features were analyzed to confirm the membrane vesicle character of the samples [14]. Inserts from top to the bottom show the particle number distribution in the sucrose gUC fractions performed by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), density curve of the iodixanol gUC fractions, electron microscopy images and SDS–PAGE profile of crude tomato NVs. (Figure was created by using Biorender [47].)