Table 1.
Characteristics of participants stratified by sex and birthweight for gestational age categories
| Boys | Girls | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birthweight for gestational age categories | Birthweight for gestational age categories | |||||||
| SGA (N = 10) | AGA (N = 151) | LGA (N = 44) | p value | SGA (N = 10) | AGA (N = 166) | LGA (N = 42) | p value | |
| Maternal characteristics at pregnancy | ||||||||
| Age, years | 26.6 ± 1.4 | 29.7 ± 0.4 | 29.3 ± 0.7 | 0.11 | 28.1 ± 1.6 | 28.5 ± 0.4 | 30.6 ± 0.8 | 0.05 |
| Gestational age, weeks | 39.9 ± 0.3 | 39.0 ± 0.1 | 38.9 ± 0.2 | 0.02 | 38.5 ± 0.3 | 39.0 ± 0.1 | 39.1 ± 0.2 | 0.26 |
| Characteristics of the child at birth | ||||||||
| Length z-score | − 0.84 ± 0.24 | 0.06 ± 0.06 | 0.79 ± 0.12 | < 0.01 | − 1.5 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | < 0.01 |
| Weight z-score | − 1.36 ± 0.20 | − 0.02 ± 0.05 | 1.57 ± 0.09 | < 0.01 | − 1.9 ± 0.2 | − 0.2 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | < 0.01 |
| Characteristics of the child at age 1.5 years | ||||||||
| Height z-score | − 0.23 ± 0.28 | 0.36 ± 0.07 | 0.87 ± 0.13 | < 0.01 | − 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | < 0.01 |
| Weight z-score | − 0.37 ± 0.28 | 0.25 ± 0.07 | 1.09 ± 0.13 | < 0.01 | − 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | < 0.01 |
| Change in weight z-score from 0 to 1.5 years | 0.99 ± 0.31 | 0.27 ± 0.08 | − 0.48 ± 0.15 | < 0.01 | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.0 ± 0.2 | < 0.01 |
| Characteristics of the child at adolescence | ||||||||
| Height z-score | 0.06 ± 0.28 | 0.29 ± 0.07 | 0.50 ± 0.13 | 0.22 | − 0.7 ± 0.3 | − 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | < 0.01 |
| Weight z-score | − 0.32 ± 0.31 | 0.20 ± 0.08 | 0.35 ± 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | − 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | < 0.01 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 17.7 ± 0.9 | 19.2 ± 0.2 | 19.5 ± 0.4 | 0.22 | 21.5 ± 0.8 | 19.4 ± 0.2 | 20.4 ± 0.4 | 0.01 |
| WC, cm | 64.9 ± 2.5 | 68.8 ± 0.6 | 69.5 ± 1.2 | 0.26 | 70.4 ± 2.0 | 67.9 ± 0.5 | 70.6 ± 1.0 | 0.03 |
| Fat mass index, kg/m2 | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 3.0 ± 0.1 | 2.9 ± 0.2 | 0.25 | 5.7 ± 0.5 | 4.5 ± 0.1 | 5.1 ± 0.2 | 0.01 |
| Body fat percentage, % | 12.4 ± 1.6 | 15.1 ± 0.4 | 14.4 ± 0.8 | 0.23 | 25.2 ± 1.5 | 22.8 ± 0.4 | 24.2 ± 0.7 | 0.10 |
| Lean mass index, kg/m2 | 15.1 ± 0.5 | 15.8 ± 0.1 | 16.2 ± 0.2 | 0.10 | 15 ± 0.4 | 14.5 ± 0.1 | 14.9 ± 0 | 0.04 |
| Overweight, N (%) | 0 (0.0) | 22 (14.6) | 5 (11.4) | 0.59 | 2 (20.0) | 12 (7.2) | 6 (14.3) | 0.12 |
| Sedentary behavior, N (%) | ||||||||
| < 2 h | 7 (70.0) | 100 (66.2) | 21 (47.7) | 0.10 | 3 (30.0) | 93 (56.0) | 23 (54.8) | 0.33 |
| 2–3 h | 1 (10.0) | 28 (18.6) | 16 (36.4) | 3 (30.0) | 47 (28.3) | 13 (31.0) | ||
| ≥ 3 h | 2 (20.0) | 23 (15.2) | 7 (15.9) | 4 (40.0) | 26 (15.7) | 6 (14.2) | ||
| Pubic hair appearance, N (%) | ||||||||
| Age < 12 years | 3 (30.0) | 42 (27.8) | 11 (25.0) | 0.92 | 9 (90.0) | 108 (65.1) | 28 (66.7) | 0.31 |
| Age ≥ 12 years | 7 (70.0) | 109 (72.2) | 33 (75.0) | 1 (10.0) | 58 (34.9) | 14 (33.3) | ||
| RWG from 0 to 1.5 years, N (%) | 7 (70.0) | 51 (33.8) | 10 (22.7) | 0.02 | 9 (90.0) | 65 (39.2) | 10 (23.8) | < 0.01 |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or number (proportion in %)
N number, SGA small for gestational age, AGA appropriate for gestational age, LGA large for gestational age, BMI body mass index, WC waist circumference, RWG rapid weight gain