Figure 2.

Different absorption strategies of LNS to address drug-response variability by intestinal CYP3A4 metabolism. Left panel (1): at the proximal small intestine, intra-enterocytic CYP3A4 activity can be locally saturated or inhibited by LNS delivered API or excipients; Middle panel (2): CYP3A4 metabolism is minimized via lymphatic drug transport; Right panel (3): Targeting the distal end of the small intestine where CYP3A4 activity is the least. Depending on the approach, various LNS types can be designed, from left to right: Mucoadhesive, CYP3A4 inhibitor-conjugated (combined), Chylomicron-mediated, M-cell mediated, pH-responsive and vitamin B12-mediated.