Table 2.

Widely consumed dietary and herbal products that contain CYP3A4 modulating compounds.

Effect on CYP3A4 Activity	Diet & Herbal	Main Use	Modulating Constituent a	References
Inhibition	Grapefruit	Fruit, juice	Bergaptol, flavonoids (naringin, naringenin, kaempferol and quercetin), furanocoumarins (bergamottin and DHB), paradisin C	[73,74]
Inhibition	Seville orange	Fruit, juice, marmalade	DHB, bergamottin,	[75,76]
Inhibition	Red wine	drinks	Polyphenolic (trans-resveratrol), red wine solids (flavonoids and other polyphenols), gallic acid	[77,78]
Inhibition	Garlic	Food, flavoring agent, supplement	Flavonoids (tangeretin, nobiletin, rutin, quercetin), garlic sulfur containing compounds (DADS, DAS, AMS)	[79,80]
Inhibition	Cranberry	Fruit, juice, supplement	Triterpenes (maslinic acid, corosolic acid, and ursolic acid), anthocyanidins, anthocyanins	[81,82]
Inhibition/Induction	St. John’s wort	Herbal/dietary supplement	Hyperforin, hypericin, quercitrin	[83,84]
Inhibition/Induction	Ginkgo biloba	Alternative medicine	Bilobalide, ginkgolide A	[85,86]
Inhibition	Goldenseal	Botanical supplement	Individual isoquinoline alkaloids (berberine, hydrastine)	[87,88]
Inhibition	Green tea	Drinks, dietary supplement	Green tea catechins, EC, EGC, ECG, EGCG	[89,90]
Induction	Ergot alkaloids	Medicine	Ergotamine	[91,92]

^a abbreviation: DHB:6′-7′- dihydroxybergamottin; DADS: garlic’s diallyl disulfide; DAS: diallyl sulfide; AMS: allyl methyl sulfide; EC: (-)-epicatechin; EGC: (-)-epigallocatechin; ECG: (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate; EGCG: epigallocatechin-3-gallate.