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. 2021 Aug 28;12:480. doi: 10.1186/s13287-021-02554-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — ASCs derived from sSAT microenvironment showed an accelerated adipogenesis compared with sRC and dSAT. A–C Representative images of adipogenic-induced ASCs derived from sSAT, sRC and dSAT microenvironments. The intracytoplasmic lipid accumulation were revealed by Nile Red O staining (red) and the nuclei by Hoechst (blue). Bar size: 50 μm. D, E The percentage of the area of lipid accumulation and the percentage of unilocular, multilocular and undifferentiated cells are expressed in the graphs as mean ± standard deviation. ASCs derived from sSAT showed the highest area of lipid accumulation together with the highest percentage of unilocular cells. F–I qPCR analysis of ASCs derived from sSAT, sRC and dSAT microenvironments revealed an upregulation of all evaluated genes in adipogenic-induced ASCs compared with non-induced. F PPARgamma; G FABP4; H ADIPOR1; I CEBPα. The gene expression of adipogenic-induced ASCs was relativized to the gene expression of non-induced (dashed line). The graphs represent the mean ± standard deviation. ANOVA test evaluated the difference between sSAT, sRC and dSAT microenvironments. p value is described below each graph. Asterisks indicate p values obtained in the post-test (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.001; ***p < 0.0005; ****p < 0.0001). ASCs adipose stromal/stem cells, SAT subcutaneous adipose tissue, sSAT superficial SAT, sRC retinacula cutis superficialis, dSAT deep SAT