Table 2.
Distribution of prostate cancer risk factors according to nighttime fasting duration in controls.
| ≤11 h of Fast (N = 474) |
>11 h of Fast (N = 374) |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) or N (%) | Mean (SD) or N (%) | ||
| Age | 65.5 (8.5) | 66.5 (8.2) | 0.070 |
| BMI | 27.4 (3.5) | 27.6 (3.8) | 0.384 |
| Normal weight (<25 kg/m2) | 121 (25.5) | 104 (27.8) | 0.198 |
| Overweight (≥25 to <30 kg/m2) | 258 (54.4) | 181 (48.4) | |
| Obese (≥30 kg/m2) | 95 (20.0) | 89 (23.8) | |
| Educational level | |||
| Less than primary school | 50 (10.5) | 65 (17.4) | <0.001 |
| Primary school | 115 (24.3) | 132 (35.3) | |
| Secondary school | 161 (34.0) | 103 (27.5) | |
| University | 148 (31.2) | 74 (19.8) | |
| Family history of prostate cancer | |||
| No | 445 (93.9) | 348 (93.0) | 0.727 |
| Yes | 29 (6.1) | 26 (7.0) | |
| Smoking | |||
| Never | 140 (29.5) | 102 (27.3) | 0.191 |
| Ex-smoker | 230 (48.5) | 204 (54.5) | |
| Current smoker | 104 (21.9) | 68 (18.2) | |
| Chronotype | |||
| Morning | 219 (47.1) | 200 (54.9) | 0.080 |
| Intermediate | 181 (38.9) | 122 (33.5) | |
| Evening | 65 (14.0) | 42 (11.5) | |
| Unknown | 9 | 10 | |
| WCRF/AICR score | |||
| Low adherence a | 164 (38.2) | 143 (42.6) | 0.432 |
| Medium adherence b | 154 (35.9) | 108 (32.1) | |
| High adherence c | 111 (25.9) | 85 (25.3) | |
| Unknown | 45 | 38 | |
| Diabetes | |||
| No | 387 (81.8) | 284 (76.1) | 0.052 |
| Yes | 86 (18.2) | 89 (23.9) | |
| Unknown | 1 | 1 | |
| Indoor ALAN exposure | |||
| Total darkness | 63 (13.3) | 84 (22.6) | 0.005 |
| Almost dark | 203 (43.0 | 145 (39.0) | |
| Dim light | 151 (32.0) | 110 (29.6) | |
| Quite illuminated | 55 (11.7) | 33 (8.9) | |
| Unknown | 2 | 2 | |
| Breakfast | |||
| No | 1 (0.2) | 16 (4.3) | <0.001 |
| Only weekends | NA | 3 (0.8) | |
| Only weekdays | 8 (1.7) | 7 (1.9) | |
| Always | 465 (98.1) | 344 (93.0) | |
| Unknown | NA | 4 | |
| Time of breakfast | |||
| 8:30 AM or before | 417 (88.0) | 49 (13.1) | <0.001 |
| After 8:30 AM or skip breakfast | 57 (12.0) | 325 (86.9) | |
| Time of last intake | |||
| 10 PM or later | 215 (45.4) | 79 (21.1) | <0.001 |
| 9:00 to <10 PM | 233 (49.2) | 206 (55.1) | |
| Before 9 PM | 26 (5.5) | 89 (23.8) | |
| Supper/sleep interval | |||
| 1 h or less | 110 (23.6) | 76 (20.4) | 0.553 |
| From >1 to ≤2 h | 178 (38.1) | 149 (40.1) | |
| More than 2 h | 179 (38.3) | 147 (39.5) | |
| Unknown | 7 | 2 | |
ALAN = artificial light at night; BMI = body mass index; N = sample size; SD = standard deviation; WCRF/AICR = World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research. a Men (0.25–3); Women (0.5–3.5). b Men (3.25–4); Women (3.75–4.25). c Men (4.25–6); Women (4.5–6).