Table 1.
Selective antiviral activity of GRFT, sulfated and non-sulfated polysaccharides against SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan PsVs.
| Compounds | Category | Molecular Weight (kDa) | Source | CC50
† (µg/mL) |
EC50 ¶ (µg/mL) | TI * | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SARS-1 § | SARS-2 § | SARS-1 § | SARS-2 § | |||||
| Griffithsin (GRFT) | Lectin | 12.77 | Custom manufactured [14] | >600 | 12.5 | 20.6 | >48 | >29 |
| λ-Carrageenan (λ-CG) | Sulfated polysaccharide | 600–700 | Gelymar (Santiago de Chile, Chile) | >600 | 4.2 | 6.1 | >143 | >98 |
| ι-Carrageenan (ι-CG) | Sulfated polysaccharide | 400–560 | Gelymar (Santiago de Chile, Chile) | >600 | 4.3 | 7.5 | >139 | >80 |
| κ-Carrageenan (κ-CG) | Sulfated polysaccharide | 400–560 | Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) | >600 | 8.4 | 24.2 | >71 | >25 |
| Dextran sulfate | Sulfated polysaccharide | ~15 | Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) | >600 | 7.8 | 19.4 | >77 | >31 |
| Lignosulfonic acid | Polar lignin-derived | 52 | Beantown Chemical Corp. (Hudson, NH, USA) | >600 | 93.9 | 184.4 | >6 | >3 |
| Heparan sulfate | Sulfated polysaccharide | ~30 | Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) | >600 | >600 | >600 | ND | ND |
| Chondroitin sulfate | Sulfated polysaccharide | 14–26 | Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) | >600 | >600 | >600 | ND | ND |
| Heparin | Sulfated polysaccharide | ~15 | Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) | >600 | >600 | >600 | ND | ND |
| Fucoidan | Sulfated polysaccharide | 15–30 | Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) | >600 | >600 | >600 | ND | ND |
| Mannan | Non-sulfated polysaccharide | 34–62 | Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) | >600 | >600 | >600 | ND | ND |
| Chitosan | Non-sulfated polysaccharide | 190–310 | Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) | >600 | >600 | >600 | ND | ND |
| Carboxymethylcellulose | Non-sulfated polysaccharide | ~90 | Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) | >600 | >600 | >600 | ND | ND |
| Xanthan gum | Non-sulfated polysaccharide | 2 × 103–2 × 104 | Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) | >600 | >600 | >600 | ND | ND |
† CC50: half-maximal cytotoxic concentration; ¶ EC50: half-maximal effective concentration; * therapeutic index (TI) = CC50/EC50; § SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan PsVs; ND: not determined.