. 2021 Jul 22;10(8):1505. doi: 10.3390/plants10081505

Table 2.

Herbicide resistance cases to different modes of action in annual ryegrass first reported in Australia.

Herbicide Group	Subgroup	Herbicide	Year First Reported	References
Fat synthesis/Acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors	Aryloxyphenoxypropionates	Diclofop-methyl	1982	[80]
	Cyclohexanediones	Sethoxydim	1982	[64]
Acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors	Imidazolinones	Imazapic/imazpyr	1982	[64]
Acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors	Sulfonylureas	Chlorsulfuron, sulfometuron	1986	[81]
Microtubule assembly inhibitors	Dinitroanilines	Trifluralin	1982	[64,82]
Microtubule assembly inhibitors	Benzamides	Propyzamide	2018	[78]
Lipid synthesis inhibitors	Thiocarbamates	Triallate/prosulfocarb	1982/2018	[64,78]
Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) inhibitors	Chloroacetamides	Metolachlor/metazachlor	1982/2019	[64,79]
Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) inhibitors	Isoxazoline	Pyroxasulfone	2018	[78]
5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3phosphate (EPSP) synthase inhibitors	Glycines	Glyphosate	1996, 1998	[72,74]
Group Q (Inhibitors of carotenoid biosynthesis unknown target)	Isoxazolidinones	Clomazone	1982	[64]
	Triazoles	Amitrole	1988	[83]