Figure 3.

TMAO Effects on Blood Glucose Management. Elevated serum TMAO levels are associated with elevated blood glucose levels, a hallmark of metabolic diseases. Insulin resistance at target tissues or β-cell glucose intolerance can drive this phenotype. While associative studies generally link TMAO to worsened insulin resistance, the molecular evidence in hepatocytes, adipocytes, and skeletal muscles is divided. One study investigates TMAO effects on β-cell containing pancreatic islets and report improved glucose tolerance which beneficially lowers blood glucose in the T2D condition. This figure was created with biorender.com.