Figure 3.

Effect of BBR on LPS-induced proinflammatory markers by ELISA. THP-1 cells were pretreated with BBR and induced with LPS. At the end of the treatment, cells were spun and the culture supernatant collected. Protein levels of the markers TNF-α (A), MCP-1 (B), IL-6 (C), and IL-8 (D) were quantified by ELISA. Ctrl (control) represents cells incubated without berberine. Data represent mean ± SD of three independent experiments and # indicates p < 0.001 compared between treated and untreated with controls, * indicates p < 0.001 between the control groups.