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. 2021 Aug 12;13(8):1246. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081246

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Chemical structures of the choline species and the regulation of choline metabolism. Blue ovals and grey ovals represent the intermediates and enzymes in the pathway. Blue arrows indicate the CDP-choline pathway towards the anabolic synthesis of PtdCho, whereas the arrows in orange indicate the catabolic pathway of PtdCho. Abbreviations: CCT, cytidine choline transferase; CDP-cytidine diphosphate choline; CHPT1, diacylglycerol choline phosphotransferase 1; DAG, diacylglycerol; HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor; FA, fatty acid; GPC, glycerophoshocholine; Lyso-PLA1, lysophospholipase A1; PC-PLC, phosphotidylcholine-specific phospholipase C; PA, phosphatidic acid; PC-PLD, phos-photidylcholine-specific phospholipase D; CTP, choline phosphotransferase; PCho, phosphocholine; PtdCho, phosphotidylcholine.