Table 2.

Antibacterial activity of Ruta essential oils.

Ruta Essential Oil Source	Activity against Bacterial Species (Zones of Inhibition in mm and/or MIC in μg/mL)	References
Ruta angustifolia Pers. Aerial parts	No detectable activity against Acinetobacter baumanii, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and Staphylococcus aureus Active against Bacillus cereus (10 mm), Enterococcus faecalis (8 mm), and Citrobacter freundii (7 mm)	[18]
Ruta chalepensis L. Aerial parts	Plant pathogenic bacterial species, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and Xanthomonas albilineans	[23]
Ruta chalepensis L. Aerial parts	Streptococcus suis	[81]
Ruta chalepensis L. Aerial parts	Bacillus subtilis (24 mm), Escherichia coli (22 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (25 mm), and Staphylococcus aureus (24 mm)	[20]
Ruta chalepensis L. Leaves	No detectable activity against Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus	[9]
Ruta chalepensis L. Leaves	Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa	[17]
Ruta chalepensis L. Leaves	Escherichia coli (750 μg/mL), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7000 μg/mL), Staphylococcus aureus (2500 μg/mL) and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (4000 μg/mL)	[33]
Ruta chalepensis L. Leaves	Escherichia coli (15.6 μg/mL), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (125 μg/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus 15.6 μg/mL)	[22]
Ruta chalepensis L. Leaves and stems	Escherichia coli (>512 μg/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus (>512 μg/mL)	[29]
Ruta chalepensis L. Roots	Listeria monocytogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa	[17]
Ruta chalepensis L. Stems	Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and Staphylococcus aureus	[17]
Ruta chalepensis L. var. bracteosa Aerial parts	No detectable activity against Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Active against Acinetobacter baumanii (12 mm), Bacillus cereus (12 mm), Enterococcus faecalis (10 mm), Citrobacter freundii (7 mm), Escherichia coli (7 mm), Proteus mirabilis (10 mm), Salmonella typhi (15 mm), and Staphylococcus aureus (17 mm)	[18]
Ruta graveolens L. Aerial parts	Escherichia coli (7 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (no activity), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12 mm), and Staphylococcus aureus (16 mm)	[62]
Ruta graveolens L. Aerial parts	No activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa	[82]
Ruta graveolens L. Aerial parts	Helicobacter pylori	[83]
Ruta graveolens L. Aerial parts	Legionella pneumophila (MIC < 0.02–0.40 μg/mL)	[65]
Ruta graveolens L. Aerial parts	Acinetobacter baumannii (19 mm, MIC 1.22 μg/mL), Bacillus cereus (28 mm, MIC 1.0 μg/mL), Citrobacter freundii (16 mm, MIC 1.0 μg/mL), Enterobacter aerogenes (13 mm, MIC 72.0 μg/mL), Enterobacter cloacae (18 mm, MIC 0.89 μg/mL), Enterococcus faecalis (27 mm, MIC 1.0 μg/mL), Escherichia coli (18 mm, MIC 0.65 μg/mL), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18 mm, MIC 1.58 μg/mL), Listeria monocytogenes (18 mm, MIC 0.70 μg/mL), Micrococcus flavus (21 mm, MIC 1.48 μg/mL), Micrococcus luteus (19 mm, MIC 1.0 μg/mL), Proteus mirabilis (22 mm, MIC 0.76 μg/mL), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15 mm, MIC 1.0 μg/mL), Salmonella typhimurium (13 mm, MIC 1.34 μg/mL), and Staphylococcus aureus (23 mm, MIC 1.0 μg/mL)	[56]
Ruta graveolens L. Aerial parts	Food-borne bacterial species, Bacillus cereus (15 mm, MIC 75 μg/mL), Listeria monocytogenes (13 mm, MIC 75 μg/mL), Salmonella enterica (22 mm, MIC 25 μg/mL), Staphylococcus intermedius (14 mm, MIC 25 μg/mL), Shigella sonnei (14 mm, MIC 25 μg/mL), and Salmonella typhimurium (15 mm, MIC 25 μg/mL)	[59]
Ruta graveolens L. Aerial parts	No detectable activity against Acinetobacter baumanii, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Active against Bacillus cereus (12 mm), Enterococcus faecalis (9 mm), Escherichia coli (7 mm), Proteus mirabilis (7 mm), Salmonella typhi (12 mm), and Staphylococcus aureus (12 mm)	[18]
Ruta graveolens L. Leaves	Bacillus cereus (26 mm, MIC 1.0 μg/mL), Enterobacter aerogenes (13 mm, MIC 1.4 μg/mL), Escherichia coli (18 mm, MIC 1 μg/mL), Micrococcus flavus (19 mm, MIC 0.75 μg/mL), Micrococcus luteus (17 mm, MIC 0.89 μg/mL), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8.0 mm, MIC 75.0 μg/mL), Salmonella typhi (12 mm, MIC 1.0 μg/mL), and Staphylococcus aureus (22 mm, MIC 1.0 μg/mL)	[50]
Ruta graveolens L. Leaves	Bacillus cereus (210 μg/mL), Dickeya solani (420 μg/mL) Escherichia coli (100 μg/mL), Listeria monocytogenes (210 μg/mL), Micrococcus flavus (210 μg/mL), Pectobacterium atrosepticum (310 μg/mL), Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (110 μg/mL), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (350 μg/mL), and Staphylococcus aureus (100 μg/mL)	[54]
Ruta graveolens L. Leaves	Staphylococcus aureus (10–20 mm)	[78]
Ruta graveolens L. Leaves and flowers	Escherichia coli (MIC 7.5–7.9 μg/mL), Klebsiella pneumoniae (MIC 4.5–5.2 μg/mL), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC 5.8–6.3 μg/mL), and Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 3.5–3.9 μg/mL)	[55]
Ruta montana L. Aerial parts	Escherichia coli (9 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (no activity), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21 mm), and Staphylococcus aureus (21 mm)	[62]
Ruta montana L. Aerial parts	Not active against Escherichia coli Active against Staphylococcus aureus (18 mm)	[70]
Ruta montana L. Aerial parts	Bacillus subtilis (10–15 mm), Enterobacter faceium (11–13 mm), Escherichia coli (10–14 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (10–13 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9–13 mm), and Staphylococcus aureus (12–16 mm)	[67]
Ruta montana L. Aerial parts	Bacillus subtilis (21 mm, MIC 6250 μg/mL), Escherichia coli (not active), Listeria innocua (10 mm), and Proteus mirabilis (17 mm, MIC 6250 μg/mL), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9 mm), and Staphylococcus aureus (12 mm, MIC > 25000 μg/mL)	[72]
Ruta montana L. Aerial parts	Activity against Citrobacter koseri (8 mm), Corynebacterium sp. (11 mm), Enterococcus faecalis (7 mm), Enterococcus faecium (17 mm), Escherichia coli (8 mm), Klebsiella oxytoca (8 mm), Listeria sp. (11 mm), Proteus mirabilis (7 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8 mm), Salmonella sp. (11 mm), Serratia marcescens (8 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (8 mm), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (8 mm), Streptococcus acidominimus (7 mm), Streptococcus porcinus (8 mm), and Yersinia enterolitica (8 mm). No activity against Enterobacter aerogens, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumonie ssp. Pneumonie, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Pseudomonas putida, Shigella sp., Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Streptococcus groupe	[71]
Ruta montana L. Aerial parts	Agrobacterium tumefaciens	[73]
Ruta tuberculata Forssk. Aerial parts	No detectable activity against Acinetobacter baumanii, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Active against Bacillus cereus (12 mm), Enterococcus faecalis (14 mm), Salmonella typhi (8 mm), and Staphylococcus aureus (10 mm)	[18]