Table 3.

Antifungal activity of Ruta essential oils.

Ruta Essential Oil Source	Activity against Fungal Species (Zones of Inhibition in mm or MIC in μg/mL)	References
Ruta angustifolia Pers. Aerial parts	Alternaria alternaria (25 mm), Aspergillus flavus (25 mm), Aspergillus fumigatus (20 mm), Candida albicans (35 mm), Cladosporium herbarum (18 mm), and Fusarium oxysporum (20 mm)	[18]
Ruta chalepensis L. var. bracteosa Aerial parts	Alternaria alternaria (10 mm), Aspergillus flavus (16 mm), Aspergillus fumigatus (23 mm), Candida albicans (15 mm), Cladosporium herbarum (35 mm), and Fusarium oxysporum (8 mm)	[18]
Ruta chalepensis L. Aerial parts	Candida albicans (28 mm) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (27 mm)	[20]
Ruta chalepensis L. Aerial parts	Alternaria sp. (24 mm) and Microdochium nivale (29 mm)	[40]
Ruta chalepensis L. Aerial parts	Alternaria solani (22 mm)	[86]
Ruta chalepensis L. Leaves	Candida albicans (MIC 2750 μg/mL)	[33]
Ruta chalepensis L. Leaves	Aspergillus flavus (17 mm), Aspergillus niger (15 mm), and Candida albicans (11 mm)	[42]
Ruta chalepensis L. Leaves	Growth inhibition (100%) of Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium polyphialidicum, Fusarium proliferatum, and Fusarium pseudograminearum at a concentration of the essential oil at 20 μL/mL	[10]
Ruta chalepensis L. Leaves and stems	Candida albicans (512 μg/mL) and Trichophyton rubrum (512 μg/mL)	[29]
Ruta chalepensis L. Leaves, roots and stems	Aspergillus spp. (26 mm), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (26 mm), Streptomyces griseus (20 mm), Fusarium solani (19 mm), and Penicillium thomii (16 mm)	[17]
Ruta graveolens L. Aerial parts	Aspergillus parasiticus (28 mm)	[87]
Ruta graveolens L. Aerial parts	Alternaria alternata (22 mm), Aspergillus flavus (26 mm), Aspergillus fumigatus (14 mm), Candida albicans (35 mm), Cladosporium herbarum (26 mm), and Fusarium oxysporium (20 mm)	[56]
Ruta graveolens L. Aerial parts	Melassezia furfur (30 mm)	[88]
Ruta graveolens L. Aerial parts	Candida albicans (8.2 μg/mL), Candida parapsilopsis (16.4 μg/mL), Candida glabrata (4.1 μg/mL), and Candida tropicalis (131.0 μg/mL)	[89]
Ruta graveolens L. Aerial parts	Alternaria alternaria (25 mm), Aspergillus flavus (22 mm), Aspergillus fumigatus (15 mm), Candida albicans (33 mm), Cladosporium herbarum (25 mm), and Fusarium oxysporum (20 mm)	[18]
Ruta graveolens L. Aerial parts	Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (27 mm)	[90]
Ruta graveolens L. Aerial parts	Reduced colony forming unit (CFU) of Bipolaris oryzae and Gerlachia oryzae	[91]
Ruta graveolens L. Aerial parts	Reduced colony forming unit (CFU) of Bipolaris oryzae and Gerlachia oryzae	[92]
Ruta graveolens L. Leaves	Monilinia fructicola (240 μg/mL)	[54]
Ruta graveolens L. Leaves	Candida albicans (15 mm) and Candida krusei (17 nm)	[78]
Ruta graveolens L. Leaves and flowers	Candida albicans (MIC 1.1–2.1 μg/mL), Candida albicans clinical strain (MIC 1.5–2.3 μg/mL), Candida glabrata (MIC 1.5–2.5 μg/mL), and Candida krusei (MIC 1.6–2.5 μg/mL)	[55]
Ruta montana L. Aerial parts	Candida albicans (13–18 mm) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (12–15 mm)	[67]
Ruta montana L. Aerial parts	Candida albicans (>40 mm)	[70]
Ruta montana L. Aerial parts	Candida albicans (22 mm, MIC > 25,000 μg/mL)	[72]
Ruta montana L. Aerial parts	Aspergillus niger (12 mm), Candida albicans (32 mm), Candida dubliniensis (24 mm), Candida glabrata (17 mm), Candida sp. (13 mm), Candida tropicalis (14 mm), Cryptococcus neoformans (20 mm), Fusarium sp. (14 mm), Penicillium sp. (15 mm), Rhodotorula rubra (11 mm), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (15 mm), and Trichosporon sp. (17 mm)	[71]
Ruta montana L. Aerial parts	Aspergillus oryzae, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, and Verticillium dahlia with MICs 100–1100 μg/mL	[73]
Ruta tuberculata Forssk. Aerial parts	Alternaria alternaria (20 mm), Aspergillus flavus (17 mm), Aspergillus fumigatus (17 mm), Candida albicans (17 mm), Cladosporium herbarum (34 mm), and Fusarium oxysporum (16 mm)	[18]
Ruta sp. Aerial parts	Alternaria alternata (31 mm), Aspergillus fumigatus (29 mm), Aspergillus niger (24 mm), Mucor mucedo (21 mm), and Rhizopus arrhizus (28 mm)	[84]