Table 4.

Examples of freeze-dried nanocapsules and process conditions.

		Encapsulated Drug	Conditions of Lyophilization Process			References
Polymer			Freezing	Primary Drying	Secondary Drying
PCL		Olmesartan Medoxomil	−40 °C overnight	Different drying phases for about 48h *		[81]
PCL		Vitamin E	−45 °C for 120 min	−20 °C for 480 min	+20 °C for 360 min	[82]
Chitosan + dextran sulphate		IutA protein from Escherichia coli	−80 °C	−40 to −20 °C for 35 h	Gradually increase temperatures up to +20 °C	[83]
Chitosan		Docetaxel	Quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen	−35 °C for 60 h	24 h in high vacuum	[84]
Hyaluronic acid		Docetaxel	−20 °C	−35 °C for 60 h 50 mTorr	0 °C for 24 h	[85]
6-O-carboxymethyl chitosan		Ovalbumin	−50 °C for 30 min	−40 °C for 6 h	20 °C for 4 h	[86]
Isobutylcyanoacrylate		Iodized oil	Liquid nitrogen	−90 °C for 48 h under 10 mPa *		[57]
PCL		Fish oil	−30, −20 and −10 °C	−50 °C under 0.05 mbar *		[87]

* No further information on the drying stages.