Table 5.
COVID-19 mortality per 100,000 inhabitants and Kriging-interpolated PM10 pollution (including COVID-19 cases).
| Variable | Basic Model | Standardized Coefficients | State Fixed Effects Model | Standardized Coefficients |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covid-19 cases per 100 k inhabitants | 0.036*** (0.002) |
0.7038624 | 0.036*** (0.003) |
0.7074111 |
| Distance to Ischgl | −0.002 (0.008) |
−0.01048626 | 0.023 (0.031) |
0.1046181 |
| Distance to nearest German hotspot | 0.075*** (0.019) |
0.1251119 | 0.059 (0.037) |
0.09903778 |
| Nursing home places per 100 k inhabitants at 75 and older | 0.003*** (0.001) |
0.1083218 | 0.002*** (0.004) |
0.09907837 |
| Share of people >75 years | 620.042*** (107.581) |
0.2177538 | 650.551*** (120.058) |
0.2284682 |
| Population density | −0.003** (0.002) |
−0.04961626 | −0.002 (0.001) |
−0.02769972 |
| Commuter flow (modified) | −0.0001 (0.00005) |
−0.03506787 | −0.0001** (0.00004) |
−0.04919842 |
| Avg. PM10, 2002 to 2020 | 0.217 (0.550) |
0.01364661 | −0.099 (0.924) |
−0.006198567 |
| Avg. Income 2002 to 2018 | 0.152 (0.925) |
0.007223405 | −0.039 (1.173) |
−0.00183901 |
| East Germany | 4.053 (5.231) |
0.03249576 | ||
| Border with Czech Republic | 12.475 (13.439) |
0.04662592 | 11.370 (8.967) |
0.04249736 |
| Constant | −132.919*** (28.727) |
|||
| Fixed effects | No | Yes | ||
| Observations | 400 | 400 | ||
| Adj. R2 | 0.743 | 0.569 | ||
| F Statistic | 105.713*** (df = 11; 388) |
55.165*** (df = 10; 374) |
*, **, ***: p < 0.1, 0.05, 0.01, respectively. -
Source: Own calculations.