Table 6.
COVID-19 mortality per 100,000 inhabitants and Kriging-interpolated PM2.5 pollution (including COVID-19 cases).
| Variable | Basic Model | Standardized Coefficients | State Fixed Effects Model | Standardized Coefficients |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covid-19 cases per 100 k inhabitants | 0.037*** (0.002) |
0.7217954 | 0.037*** (0.003) |
0.7201644 |
| Distance to Ischgl | 0.0005 (0.008) |
0.002071874 | 0.027 (0.029) |
0.1204697 |
| Distance to nearest German hotspot | 0.074*** (0.019) |
0.1244012 | 0.058* (0.035) |
0.09757158 |
| Nursing home places per 100 k inhabitants at 75 and older | 0.003*** (0.001) |
0.1051916 | 0.002*** (0.0005) |
0.09852581 |
| Share of people >75 years | 604.416*** (106.596) |
0.212266 | 643.366*** (117.721) |
0.2259449 |
| Population density | −0.003** (0.002) |
−0.04422172 | −0.002 (0.001) |
−0.02281696 |
| Commuter flow (modified) | −0.0001 (0.00004) |
−0.03652956 | −0.0001** (0.00004) |
−0.04818884 |
| Avg. PM2.5, 2010 to 2020 | −1.208 (1.032) |
−0.03250641 | −1.909* (0.924) |
−0.05135185 |
| Avg. Income 2002 to 2018 | 0.080 (0.910) |
0.003811532 | −0.061 (1.104) |
−0.00291217 |
| East Germany | 4.268 (5.201) |
0.03422297 | ||
| Border with Czech Republic | 11.926 (13.431) |
0.04457573 | 11.293 (8.684) |
0.04221049 |
| Constant | −115.064*** (28.727) |
|||
| Fixed effects | No | Yes | ||
| Observations | 400 | 400 | ||
| Adj. R2 | 0.743 | 0.572 | ||
| F Statistic | 106.082*** (df = 11; 388) |
55.773*** (df = 10; 374) |
*, **, ***: p < 0.1, 0.05, 0.01, respectively. -
Source: Own calculations.