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Potential effects of LMP1′s contribution to CAFs in the NPC tumour microenvironment. CAFs can originate from multiple potential cell sources, including normal fibroblasts and epithelial cells via EMT. Once activated, CAFs are able to mediate several processes that promote tumour progression. LMP1 may stimulate fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation via paracrine signalling, or induce autocrine stimulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in host cells.
