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. 2021 Aug 5;13(8):1203. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081203

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Isolation of nanovesicles from carrots and its characterization. (A) Carex was isolated and purified from carrots, using ultrafiltration followed by size-exclusion chromatography. The concentrations of nanovesicles and proteins in all size-exclusion chromatography fractions were assessed. (B) The size distribution of each fraction was shown. The nanovesicle-containing fractions (fraction 7–9) were used for further characterization. (C) The morphology of Carex was analyzed using TEM. (D) The representative size distribution of Carex was analyzed using NTA. (E,F) The zeta potential and PDI of Carex were analyzed using DLS. (G–I) Carex yield per g of carrot (G), yield per carrot price, and purity per μg of protein impurities are shown.