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An illustration of the integrative approach to the effects of caffeine (CAF) on multiple physiological systems. Together, such alterations may better explain the improvements in endurance performance during high-intensity whole-body exercise. E: pulmonary ventilation. SaO2: arterial oxygen saturation. HR: heart rate. : cardiac output. L: leg blood flow. K+: extracellular potassium. ADP: adenosine diphosphate. AMP: adenosine monophosphate. PCr: phosphocreatine.
