Table 1.
Research progress on geniposide in the treatment of brain diseases
| Disease | Animal/Cell model | Dosage | Target/Pathways/Mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cerebral ischaemia | tMCAO | 25–150 mg/kg | GluN2A/AKT/ERK signalling pathways (+) | [37] |
| Permanent bilateral common carotid arteries occlusions | 50–100 mg/kg | NF-κB/iNOS/TNF-α/IL-6 (−) | [38] | |
| MCAO | 15–60 mg/kg | inflammatory factors and NF-κB (−) | [39] | |
| I/R | 100 mg/kg | AKT/mTOR signalling pathways (+) | [45] | |
| OGD/R | 6–12 μg/mL | NLRP3 (−) | [49] | |
| OGD | 12.5–50 μg/mL | inflammatory factors/NF-κB (−) | [39] | |
| OGD | 100–300 μM | PI3K/AKT and Wnt/β-catenin pathways (+) | [53] | |
| OGD | 33.2 μg/mL | ERK1/2 signalling pathways/proinflammatory cytokines (−) | [54] | |
| Inflammatory injury induced by microglia | 12.5–50 µg/mL | 5-LOX/CysLTs inflammatory pathway (−) | [55] | |
| OGD | 31.25–500 µg/mL | CHOP/Beclin 1 (−) | [56] | |
| Alzheimer's disease | APP/PS1 | 50 mg/kg | CcO (+)ROS/MDA (−) | [63] |
| APP/PS1 | 50 mg/kg | mTOR signalling pathway (−) | [64] | |
| APP/PS1 | 5–20 mg/kg | Akt/GSK-3β/tau (+) | [65] | |
| APP/PS1 | 12.5–50 mg/kg | MAPK signalling pathway (−) | [66] | |
| APP/PS1 | 12.5–50 mg/kg | cytochrome c oxidase (+) | [67] | |
| STZ | 5–20 mg/kg | BACE1/IDE (+)ADAM10 (−) | [68] | |
| STZ | 50 μM | GSK3β (−) | [69] | |
| STZ | 12.5–25 mg/kg | Aβ1-42 (−) | [70] | |
| Primary cultured cortical neurons | 10 µM | Akt/GSK-3β/tau (+) | [65] | |
| Primary cultured cortical neurons | 10 µM | ADAM10/A-1-42 (−) | [68] | |
| Primary cultured cortical neurons | 2.5–10 µM | AChE (−) | [66] | |
| Primary cultured cortical neurons | 10 µM | HRD1 (+) | [71] | |
| Primary cultured cortical neurons | 0.01–20 µM | leptin (+) | [72] | |
| Primary cultured cortical neurons | 10 µM | JAK2/STAT3 (−) | [73] | |
| PC12 cells | 50 µmol/L | PI3K (+) | [81] | |
| PC12 cells | 25–100 mg/L | p90RSK (+) | [82] | |
| Depression | RRS | 50–100 mg/kg | GLP-1R/AKT (+) | [86] |
| CUMS | 25–100 mg/kg | HPA axis (−) | [87] | |
| STZ | 50–100 mg/kg | TrkB/BDNF (+) | [88] | |
| HDF in combined with CORT | 100 mg/kg | CREB (+) | [89] | |
| Lipopolysaccharide | 100 mg/kg | NF-κB/IDO (−) | [90] | |
| Others | Maximal electric shock (50 mA, 50 Hz, 1 s) | 5–20 mg/kg | PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β (+) | [91] |
| 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine | 100 mg/kg | Caspase 3/Bcl-2 (−)Bax (+) | [92] | |
| 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/neuroblastoma cell lines SHSY5Y | 100 mg/kg | LAMP2A/α-synuclein(+) | [93] |
tMCAO: transient middle cerebral artery occlusion; MCAO: middle cerebral artery occlusion; I/R: ischaemia/reperfusion; OGD: oxygen–glucose deprivation; STZ: streptozotocin; RRS: repeated restraint stress; CUMS: chronic unpredictable mild stress; CORT: corticosterone