| DOHaD | developmental origins of health and diseases |
| HFD | high-fat diet |
| LPD | low protein diet |
| NTD | neural tube defect |
| PND | postnatal day |
| POHaD | paternal origins of health and disease |
| SAM | S-adenosyl methionine |
| sncRNAs | small non-coding RNAs |
| WHO | world health organization |