Table 1.

Paternal nutrition status effects.

Effects		Paternal Diet	References
Metabolism	Body weight and adiposity	Low protein HFD Food restriction FA deficient High sugar	[21,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43]
	Glucose intolerance or hyperglycemia	Low protein HFD FA supplemented High sugar	[37,38,40,44,45,46,47]
	Insulin resistance or hyperinsulinemia	HFD High sugar	[40,45,46,47]
	Carbohydrate metabolism	HFD	[42,48]
	Lipid metabolism	High sugar FA deficient or supplemented Food restriction	[21,44,46,47]
	Uricemia	High sugar	[43,46,47]
Development	Skeleton	Low protein FA deficient	[49,50]
	Fetal or post-natal growth	Food restriction	[21]
	Spermatogenesis	FA deficient	[49]
	Embryo or placenta abnormalities	FA supplemented HFD	[42,48,51,52,53]
Pregnancy outcomes	Number of plugs/pregnancies	HFD FA deficient	[41,42,48,52]
	Pre or Post implantation development	HFD FA deficient Food restriction	[21,42,48,52]
	Morphological retardation	HFD FA deficient	[42,48,49]
	Postnatal mortality	FA deficient or supplemented	[51]
Organ and system dysfunction	Breast cancer	Low protein	[54]
	Diabetic kidney disease	High sugar	[55]
	Cardiovascular system	Low protein High sugar	[37,38,43,46,47,55]
	Sperm	HFD High sugar FA deficient or supplemented	[41,46,51,56,57]
	Endocrine system	High sugar	[46]
	Central nervous system	FA deficient	[36,58]